



WT^>^ ^ ^ mw^ 



WliCAL vmliiiRY Gum 















ft* *• t < ^ 












'^sfl 



: j»4..»| 







Class v^h T 5l 

Book cAfL 

Gopyiight ]^" : 



COFOUGHT DEPOSIT. 



THE FARMER'S 

Practical Veterinary Guide 



The result of years of practical experience in the 

production of live stock and the application 

of the principles of modern veterinary 

training 



BY 

Earl T. Steele B. S. A. 



Copyright 1921 

By 

Earl T. Steele B. S. A. 

All rights reserved 






Printed by 

Hatcher Printing Cojnpany 

Chillicothe, Missouri 



©CI.A622487 



PREFACE 



So far as the author has been able to determine there is no book 
that the farmer can buy at the present time thtit has been written with 
the idea of giving the farmer a general idea of the modern scientific 
treatment of the diseases of live stock. 

Modern veterinary books are not written in terms that the live 
stock producers can understand. 

The result has been that the farmer has often adopted questionable 
methods from such sources as are available in the treatment of live 
stock diseases. 

Scientific research has contributed as much to veterinary medicine 
in the last thirty years as any other branch of agriculture. 

The value of a knowledge of veterinary medicine to the farmer 
cannot be appreciated by any one more fully than by the author since 
he has experienced farming with and without such knowledge. 

The author has been continually approached by farmers seeking 
knowledge such as is offered in this book of modern veterinary methods. 
Such methods have not only been appreciated by farmers but in many 
cases they have been permanently adopted with success in their farm 
operations. 

Many farmers may still be skeptical about the value of the informa- 
tion given out by scientific institutions but such men can not get away 
from good farming practice as advocated by men who have had a life 
time experience devoted to live stock farming. 

Willie the especially trained man is essential in many cases in deal- 
ing with the diseases of live stock, yet it is neither necessary or practical 
to call such assistance for every case. In some states where statistics 
are available the losses of smaller animals such as sheep, pigs and 



poultry is amazingly large. Such losses can be greatly reduced by the 
farmer having a knowledge of veterinary medicine. The losses from 
contagious diseases such as hog cholrea, bovine tuberculosis and other 
diseases can be greatly reduced by proper herd management. A know- 
ledge of such diseases not only results in financial benefit to the farmer 
but is of equal benefit to the people of the state and nation. 

In addition to the contents of this book being composed of the 
knowledge which I have gained from prcatical experience and veterinary 
training. I am indebted to the results of modern research investigation 
as conducted by experiment stations and the U. S. Department of Agri- 
culture for public benefit. 

I am especially indebted to the United States Department of Agri- 
culture for duplicate electrotypes used to make many of the cuts. 

The Authop 



Bacteriology 



BACTERIOLOGY 



Bacteria are single celled vegetable organisms, round, cork screw 
or oblong in shape. Bacteria have power of movement but are classed 
as plants by most biologists because they multiply by division of the 
cell into two parts each of which makes separate bacteria capable of 
rpproduction. 

No bacteria are visible except by the aid of a microscope capable of 
magnifying their size many hundred times. 

Varo, who lived about the time of Christ, conceived of the idea 
that possibly some diseases were caused by invisible organisms but no 
particular attention was given the subject till about the beginning of the 
seventeenth century when some one perfected a lens that would magnify 
one hundred and fifty times and living organisms were discovered in 
what was considered pure water. 

However these organisms which they saw were not bacteria, but led 
up to the perfection of a good microscope which enabled Pasteur, Koch, 
Kohn and others about 1865 to 1870 to establish firmly the fact that 
bacteria or their products are the cause of many diseases. Their find- 
ings have cleared away many of the mysteries that once made veterinary 
medicine a dark field. 

The germs causing hog cholrea are not present in glanders of horses 
neither are the germs causing distemper of horses to be found in hogs 
that die with pneumonia. That is to say the fact is well established that 
for specific diseases certain bacteria or groups of bacteria are always 
present. 

The presence of these bacteria is not supposed to cause the sickness, 
but the waste products which bacteria throw off from their bodies cause? 



6 Bacteriology 



the sickness. Bacteria give off waste products much the same as animals 
do, these waste products may become so rancid to the bacteria that it is 
the cause of their death and hence tlie disease ends. In cream lactic acid 
bacteria live till the cream sours and then they die and then the puterifying 
bacteria find suitable food and they thrive a few days and the food be- 
comes so poisonous that they too die. 

The poisonous products which bacteria give off are called toxins 
and in every bacterial disease the effected animal throws off an anti-toxin 
or medicine to counteract or neutralize the effect of the toxins of the bac- 
teria. That is the sick animal's body manufactures the anti-toins. In every 
disease the anti-toxin is of different composition. That is the anti-toxin 
of hog cholrea or anti-hog cholrea serum has no effect on pneumonia 
bacteria but if properly made and administered it prevents hog cholera. 
That is hog cholrea germs can not develop in its presence. A hog may 
be able to manufacture sufficent anti-toxin to recover from hog cholrea 
(in rare cases) if they don't recover it is generally supposed that the 
bacteria develop poisons faster than the hog can develop anti-toxin to 
neutralize the effect of the poison of the bacteria. 

Man has not been able to develop elements of a composition that 
will kill the bacteria of many diseases without killing the patient, how- 
ever man can develop through animals bacterial products that protect 
healthy animals. 

In the vaccination of calves to prevent black-leg and anywhere a 
vaccine is used we inject into the animal's body weakened germs of the 
disease. These germs are usually weakened by heating to a definite tem- 
perature. As soon as these germs are placed beneath the skin they begin 
to multiply but not so rapidly as healthy germs, hence the animal has 
sufficient time to manufacture enough anti-toxin to neutralize their poisons, 
or kill the germs. This causes the calf to fill his blood with tlie anti- 
toxin and the animal is able to resist black-leg. 

There are bacterins injected for the prevention or cure of many 
diseases. Bacterins are made for poll-evil, fistula etc. and are called 
polavalent bacterins. The pus is taken from a fistula and grov/n in 
an especially pjepared beef broth for a number of hours, while in the 
beef broth the bacteria throw off their poisonous products after which 
they are^killed. Then a small amount of the broth is injected under the 
skin of the horse and as soon as this happens the horse is supposed to 
go to work to manufacturing an anti-toxin to counteract the poison even 
though no bacteria are injected. By the horse making sufficient anti- 



Bacteriology 



toxin in the blood the horse is supposed to kill the germs of the fistula. 
In some c^ses it seems to be of benef^ as a-.cura'tive agent. TJiese baoterins 
which are injected under the skin are offered for sale by laboratories for 
hemorrhagic, septicemia, white scours, influenza, contagious abortion, 
and joint ill. 

The chief use of such becterins are to be found in using them 1o 
prevent a portion of the herd from developing an infectious disease. 



General Principles of Veterinary Medicine 



GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF i 

VETERINARY MEDICINE j 

All the treatments that the veterinarians of the land can devise would 
not be of as much benefit to the farmer as the prevention of disease by 
the farmer himself. More credit should be given the farmer who can 
keep his herd healthy by having a knowledge of the causes of diseases, 
and thereby preventing them than to the farmer that is able to cure all. 
By a knowledge of the causes and how diseases travel any farmer can 
prevent many cases of diseases among his live stock without the use of 
drugs, bacterins or other products. Such diseases as colic, lock-jaw, 
navel ill, barb wire cuts, fistula, contagious abortion, forage poisoning, 
white scours in calves, hog cholrea, worms and scab of sheep, white 
diarrhoea and roup of chickens as well as a multitude of others can be 
prevented in most cases if the farmer has a thorough knowledge of the 
causes of diseases as given under various headings. 

However it is impossible to prevent all diseases and as long as the 
live stock industry exists we'll have sick stock from various reasons other 
than carelessness. 

When an animal gets sick the success of treatment will be in pro- 
portion to the good common sense used in treating the disease. First 
try to locate the effected organ. That is try to determine whether the 
disease is one of the intestines, kidneys, nerves, blood, muscles or skin. 
This can be done in most cases by a study of the symptoms. However 
colic is often mistaken for kidney disorder and intestinal disorders are 
mistaken for brain disorder. Brain troubles of stock are usually due 
to forage poisons in the intestines. Horses poisoned in stalk fields go in 
circles, etc. Cattle eating moldy corn fodder or moldy silage go in 
circles, turn only one way, lose control of their muscles etc. 

Then the next point to a successful recovery is to aid in the removal 
of the trouble. The less of treatments we use that have no basis the 



General Principles of Veterinary Medicine 



better will be our success. In case of bowel disorder or where the 
system is filled with poison a physic is usually given first. 

In cases of intense pain medicines are given to relieve the spasm 
of the effected organ. In cases of gas formation drugs are given to open 
up the bowels and absorb the gas. 

In cases of blood disorders we give medicines to purify the blood 
and as most blood diseases are contagious, bacterins, vaccines, or anti- 
toxins are injected under the skin of the healthy animals to prevent them 
from developing the disease. 

In cases of sprains, bruises etc. we try to reduce the swelling by 
causing increased circulation of the blood to the effected part. One of 
the duties of the blood is to equalize body temperature therefore if 
any part of the body is abnormal in temperature the blood rushes to that 
part and the excess of blood carries away the poisons associated with 
the disease. This is done in the case of swellings, bruises etc. by the 
alternate application of hot and cold clothes, lineaments, blistering and 
bandaging. Ordinary cotton batting tied on a swelling holds the flow 
of blood to the part to equalize the body temperature, and the excess 
blood brings many white blood corpuscles which are the scavangers 
of the animal's body that kill bacteria. 

If the cause of the disease can be located it must be removed. If 
the cause is in the food change the diet. If the cause is due to work put 
the animal on a rest. If the fever is high furnish abundance of water 
at frequent intervals. These matters of care as feed and water are im- 
portant to success and no one will furnish the care as efficient as the 
owner himself. Some medicines lose their strength when they become old, 
some evaporate when exposed to the air. One can not expect good re- 
sults with deterioated or diluted drugs. Some drugs and formulas 
are sold under patent names for exorbinate prices, frequently they give 
good results for the disease for which they were formulated. 



10 Horses 



HORSES 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT 

COLIC 

There are three kinds of colic more frequently met with in horses 
and they have been given at least nine different names. Below I place 
their simplest names and enclose in brackets other names frequently 
applied to them. 

I 

Compaction Colic, [Engorgement Colic], otherwise known as [Ob- 
struction Colic] and sometimes improperly called [Indigestion]. 

II 

Wind Colic or Bloat otherwise known as [Flatulent Colic] and 
[Gastro Tymphany]. 

Ill 

Cramp Colic [Spasmodic Colic]. 

GENERAL CAUSES OF COLIC 

Colic is usually caused by a horse receiving too much of a feed 
that their digestive tract is not in llie habit of digesting. It often happens 
when a horse is changed from old corn or oats to new corn or oats. 
This is especially true if the animal is lightly worked. Watering only 
after feeding has a tendency to colic. Old dead grass mixed with short 
new grass often causes colic. Too much dry feed such as dry grass, 
corn stalks or wheat straw may cause colic. This is especially true if 
the weather is cold and the horse fails to drink sufficient water for diges- 
tive purposes. 

Some times the teeth cause horses to eat ravenous and they fail to 
chew the food sufficient for digestive purposes. 



Compaction Colic 11 



COiMPACTION COLIC 

I Compaction Colic, [Obstruction Colic], [Engorgement Colic] and 
often improperly called [Indigestion] [Constipation]. 

Compaction colic is probably the most dangerous form of colic. 
While the disease itself is probably no more dangerous than other forms 
of colic, often times we are prone to console ourselves by thinking the 
horse is not very sick because he does not exibit all the symptoms of 
intense pain. 

However if the owner waits a few hours in a case of compaction 
colic for the horse to develop symptoms of intense pain the chances 
lor recovery are greatly reduced. ^ But on the other hand if he begins 
treatment as soon as the first symptoms develop, giving himself ample 
time to get the horses bowels to move, the results will be highly satis- 
factory in a very high per cent of the cases. 

CAUSES 

Any food taken into the horse's intestional canal in an improper 
shape for digestion may cause this form of colic. Among the more 
specific causes are change from grass in the fall to dry stalks or other 
dry feeds with a constipating effect. Horses that have been accustomed 
to work or frequent exercise and are stabled on full feed often develop 
compaction colic. Neglect in watering or cold weather causing the 
horse to drink sparingly making an insufficient supply of water for pro- 
per digestion often causes compaction colic. Dry dead grass frequently 
causes compaction colic. Defective teeth, predispose to compaction colic. 

SYMPTOMS 

Probjbly to the observing individual the first noticable symptom 
is the horse lagging on the halter when led or lagging in the single tree 
when hitched. This form of colic more often but not by any means 
always, attacks older horses, frequently it attacks the new-born foal, which 
is dealt with under "The Care of the Young Colt." 

In this form of colic the food fails to make its proper passage 
through the intestional canal. The horse gives signs of abdominal pains 
by looking around to the side or rear flank. They paw and may or rriay 
not lie down occasionally. These symptoms niay be distinct or very 



12 Compaction Colic 



mild. If any passages are thrown off from the intestional canal, they 
are less than normal, and often are covered by a dirty white mucous. 

As the case proceeds, the symptoms become more distinct, and the 
horse usually drops the head and may break out in a sweat, more dis- 
tinct at the base of the ears. It is not necessary that all mentioned 
symptoms be present for horses to have compaction colic, and others not 
mentioned may be present. 

TREATMENT 

This should begin as soon as the first symptoms are noticed. Give 
the horse an injection by the way of the rectum of I/2 to 2 gallon of hike 
warm soap suds water that has previously had 14 P^^^t ^^ common salt 
mixed in it. Too strong soap suds may cause unnecessary irritation. 
The amount to inject depends on how it is retained. If the horse retains 
14 gallon that is enough if given 2 or 3 times every 24 hours. If little is 
retained more should be used and used oftener. Good injections can 
be made with a 10 cent tin funnel and 3 feet of rubber gas tubing well 
oiled which can be bought at any drug store, a 1/4 inch rubber tube is 
best. (See cut of necessary instruments page 18, fig. 7). I do not favor 
bucket pumps for this purpose. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT 
There are 2 objects in view in Compaction colic. I To pass the ob- 
structed food through the canal. II To prevent inflamation of the intes- 
tional canal. To accomplish these is an art in the farming business. Lin- 
seed oil stands above all other drugs and remedies to soften the mass for 
it can be given in large quantities up to 4 or 5 quarts for horses weighing 
1800 lbs. It does not induce inflamation of the bowels as calomel and 
many quick acting drugs. It does not leave the horse foundered as 
many of the quick acting drugs sometimes do when given in large doses. 
It is among the cheaper of vegetable oils. It will m.ove the bowels with- 
out leaving the horse in a weakened physical condition. For the first 
dose give 2 quarts raw oil to horses weighing 700 to 1000 lbs. and 3 
quarts raw oil to horses weighing 1000 to 1800 lbs. Every 12 hours 
give ^2 the above amount and if the case is an advanced one give more at 
first. Continue giving oil every 12 hours till the horse's bowels move 
or 4 quarts (a\ 1000 lbs. is given. 

A horse's bowels seldom act properly under 20 hours with Compaction 
colic and usually 4 quarts has to be given horses weighing 1000 lbs. 
before they move according to my experience. 



Compaction Colic 13 



To avoid inflamation of the bowels give with the raw oil 3 table- 
spoonsful of turpentine in the first dose and 1 tablespoonful every 24 
hours @ 1000 lbs live weight thereafter, for 3 days unless recovery 
develops. 

Some years ago a law was passed forbidding druggists selling 
[laudnium opium and morphine] to the public. There never was any 
thing better ever happened. Such drugs kill pain for a time its true they 
are good to deaden nerves running to the bowels, and stop the bowels from 
acting the very thing we're trying to get them to do, hence in such 
cases they are of no value. If the horse is in misery give him the 
following formula which will act in 20 or 30 minutes. 

Fluid Extract of Capsicum, 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 
Tr. Nux Vomica, 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 
Chloroform, 2 drams (2 teaspoonsful) 
Tr. Cannabis Indica, 2 drams (2 teaspoonsful) 
Water, 1 pint. 

The above is one dose and can be purchased mixed in any desired 
quantities and 6 teaspoonsful given at a dose in 1 pint of water. 

A horse should receive no feed until the bowels move in this form of 
colic, but should receive all the water they will drink. Other remedies 
sometimes used in this form of colic but to my mind inferior are 1 lb. 
salts; 6-10 drams (6-10 teaspoonsful) Aloes.(Do not repeat). Aloes 
will physic but it also causes intestinal cramps. I object to salts because 
it is inducive to inflamation which we must guard against in this form of 
colic. 

It may be necessary in case of bloat to puncture back of the last rib 
to relieve the horse of gas and pain. Always puncture at the highest 
point of the greatest distention usually on the right side but it may be 
on the left. A little instrument called the trocar (See instrument cut 
page 18, fig. 8) or a hollow needle are very useful for this purpose, since 
they leave a hollow tube in the horse and the opening of the skin and in- 
testines cannot get out of line and stop the escape of gas. Drug houses 
handling veterinary instruments and mail order houses have these for sale. 

The instruments and place of puncture should be washed well with 
dip or carbolic acid solution before the puncture is made. 

Feed no solid food such as corn, hay, oats, etc. for a few days. 

Some report good results in treating compaction colic with am- 
monium carbonate. It is cheaper than raw oil but its dependability has 
not been well established. With it barb aloes is used and it sometimes 



14 Wind Colic 



colics a horse in itself; however this is not as true in horses sick with 
colic as well ones. 

With the Ammonium Carbonate treatment give first 

Turpentine, II/2 ounces (3 tablespoonsful) 

Nux Vomica, 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 

Water, 1 quart. 
The above may be given with a drenching syringe. In fifteen min- 
utes give in a capsule or bran and molasses ball 1 ounce of barbadoes 
aloes. For a 1500 pound horse give every fifteen minutes in a capsule 
1 ounce of ammonia carbonate until 3 or 4 doses have been given. Then 
give no treatment for 6 hours except repeat the nux vomica in tea- 
spoonful doses every 2 hours. At the end of 6 hours, if good bowel 
action is not heard, give two more doses of ammonium carbonate 30 
minutes apart, and so on until recovery. 

Eserine in %-l grain doses injected under the skin, has been used by 
Veterinarians in Europe for many years but I do not favor its use since 
rupture of the stomache too often follows in a few minutes after it is 
injected. 

I do not advise the use of eserine only in the most obstinate cases. It 
is a very quick acting drug and may save the life of a horse that has 
been given up to die. Eserine should not be given pregnant mares and 
should always be injected under the skin and never given by way of the 
mouth. 

WIND COLIC 

Wind Colic [Flatulent Colic] [Castro Tymphany]. 

Wind Colic is caused by the horse eating foods which form gas while 
undergoing digestion. 

Among the more common of such foods are clover pasture, alfalfa, 
new corn, new oats, musty or moldy feeds.. If this form of colic is from 
grain it is likely to prove fatal unless proper treatment is quickly given. 

SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT 

A horse effected with this form of colic in a severe case goes through 
all the symptoms of pain a horse knows how to exhibit. The pains are 
continuous and often a bad odor is detectible at the mouth. Before 
the case has gone very far the horse gets better or bloating begins, 
due to gas forming in the bowels. The horse often assumes a sitting 



Cramf Colic 15 



position as a dog. In most cases the bloating occurs above the right 
flank but may be above the left flank. 

If bloating is severe, puncture at the highest point of greatest dis- 
tention with a needle or trocar (see cut page 17, fig. 8) previously 
dipped in carbolic acid or dip solution. If neither are available punc- 
ture with a knife and insert a hollow pipe stem, or shue-mack and secure 
it so the stem can not get into the bowels. If the tube is not inserted 
the movements of the intestines will thlrow the puncture of the bowels 
out of line with the skin puncture and the gas will stop escaping. Do 
not give the horse water to drink. 

Chloral Hydrate is the best drug known to stop gas accumulation 
besides being an antispasmodic to releive pain. Give 1 ounce (2 table- 
spoonfuls) in 2 quarts of water every 2 hours till the horse is relieved, 
or 4 or 5 doses are given. This irritates the throat if not well diluted 
with water. In addition to Chloral Hydrate 2 quarts of raw linseed 
oil and 4 tablespoonsful of turpentine should be given. Any of the 
following are of benefit to stop gas forming: baking soda 2 ounces 
(4 tablespoonsful), solution of 10 per cent amonia, 1 ounce (2 table- 
spoonsful), tar 2 ounces (4 tablespOiOnsful) . 

Any or all of the above may be given, every 14 hour, ojr sulphuric 
ether may be given in l^'o ounce (1 tablespoonful) dose every % hour. 
The following colic prescription is exce-llent to relieve pain and has a 
tendency to stop the formation of gas. 

Fluid Extract of Capiscum, 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 

Nux Vomica, 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 

Chloroform, 2 drams (2 teaspoonsful) 

Cannabis Indica, 2 drams (2 teaspoonsful) 

Water, 1 pint. 
It can be given every 30 minutes until pain ceases, or a number of doses 
are given. lyU to 2 pints of lard melted and allowed to co.ol given every 
3 or 4 hours as a slow drench is often benefijcial to stop gas formation. 

CRAMP COLIC 

Cramp Colic [Spasmodic Colic]. 

CAUSES 

This form o,f colic derives its name from the fact that the intestines 
form spasms. This is probably the most frequent form of colic. It may 



16 Cramp Colic 

be caused by sudden change of feed, drinking cold water or sudden change 
of body temperature or allowing a warm horse to cool off suddenly. 
Hence it is more likely to occur in spring or autumn. 

SYMPTOMS 

The horse looks to his side. The pains are brief (intermittent) and 
often severe. The intestinal murmurs are louder than in the healthy 
horse. 

The loud noise is probably due to, the contraction of the intestines 
and the presence of gas. 

TREATMENT 

Remove the horse to an even temperature and do not give any feed 
and give water sparingly till recovery. The following formula is good. 

Nux Vomica, 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 

Fl. Extract of Capiscum, 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 

Chlcfroform, 2 drams, (2 teaspoonsful) 

Cannabis Indica, 2 drams (2 teaspoonsful) 

Water, 1 pint. 

Give every 30 minutes until releif or several doses are given. 

Chloral Hydrate 1 to liA ounces given every 2 hours is an Anti-Spas- 
modic ?nd good in this form of colic. Give it in 1 quart of water 
since it will irritate the throat membranes if not well diluted. Soakin^ 
ofts before feeding will often keep them from colicing the horse. If 
rM'"manent releif is not obained after a few doses of the above prescrip- 
tion are given it is very probable that a compaction exists. The above is 
as good as "nv prescription to stop pain and where it fails it is usually due 
to a compaction. The treatment for compaction is given under that 
particular form of colic. 

DRENCHING 

Drenches are best given with a syringe. Fig. 3. page 17. If a horse 
'bfp tco much of anv fluid in the mouth they can not swallow and it is 
likely to get on the lungs and kill the horse. A horse can be made to 
swallow by placing a little water up the nostrils. 



17 



farm 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 



CONVENIENT INSTRUMENTS 

A group of convenient and valuable instruments to have on any 

Pig forceps. 
Tooth float for cutting away the sharp edges of horses teeth. 
Dose syringe for drenching. 

Needle syringe for injecting medicine under the skin. 
Rubber ligature to check circulation in snake bites and stop bleeding. 
Syringe for cleansing surface cavities. 

Rubber tube and funnel used fcur douches in cattle and horses. 
Trocar and canal used to puncture the abdomen filled with gas, the 
part on the right remains in the animal. 
Artery forceps used to stop bleeding and in sewing. 




Indigestion 



10 A cafe of various shaped needles. 

11 A convenient measuring glass marked in teaspoonsful. 

12 A glass funnel. 

13 Forceps. 

14 Pincers for hoof clipping and tusk removing. 

15 Cobbler's sewing thread and bees wax. 

INDIGESTION 

This is an inflamation of the mucous membrane lining the intestinal 
canal. The mucous membrane is covered with a slimy mucous and on 
portions of the canal the membrane is sometimes entirely destroyed 
giving the membrane the appearance of being ulcerated. 

CAUSES 

Poor teeth causing improper mastication of the food. When worms 
accumulate in large numbers they may cause injury to the intestional 
wall and cause indigestion. Musty or moldy feeds continued for some 
time will sometimes cause indigestion. Some horses naturally have 
weak digestive tracts and develop indigestion at the first opportunity. 

SYMPTOMS 

Often times it is difficult to be positive that the horse hasn't got 
compaction colic. But usually the horse will have previously exliibited 
some of the following symptoms. No fever is present, in the chronJc 
form the horse has a pasty and coated tongue, grates the teeth and may 
show dizziness or colicky symptoms. Irregular appetites usually preceed 
the attacks and the hoj-se prefers unwholesome food as bedding etc., to 
pure food. 

Constipation and diarrhea often alternate, with a sour and offensive 
odor. The abdomen is noticeabley tucked up or becomes excessively 
large. The horse is dull and stupid which may preceed the attack. The 
feces are hard and often contain whole indigested food and mucous. 

TREATMENT 

The diet is most important in this disease. Until recovery the horse 
should receive only a mixed ration of 
Ground Oats, 5 parts 



Inflammation of the Bowels 19 



Bran, 5 parts 

Oil Meal, 1 part 
all mixed and scalded 12 hours before feeding. The horse may be fed 
some cut alfalfa or clover hay. 

If constipated, mix 1 tablespoonful of the following in each feed. 
Glauber's Salts, 2 pounds 
Salt, 1 pound 
Baking Soda, i^ pound. 

Often rectum injections given as recommended in compaction colic 
on page 12 are to be recommended in indigestion if constipation exists. 
If diarrhea is present 2 tablespoonfuls of tannic acid may be given 
2 times daily in i^ pint of water. The following by some people is 
believed to be good for diarrhea. 

Get 2-3 quart of live white oak bark peel off all the dead bark. 
Steep the bark in 4 quarts of water, strain off the liquid and mix enough 
wheat flour with it to make a thin paste. Add 3 or 4 teaspoonsful of 
nutmeg and give the horse 1 pint 2 or 3 times daily. 

Common white starch made to a creamy constituency and give 2 or 3 
pints 2 or 3 times a day as a drench and an equal amount injected with a 
syringe into the rectum is very good for diarrhea. 

I prefer to give 1 dram, 1 teaspoonful of creolin in 2 quarts of wa- 
ter every 8 hours. Creolin must be given in oil or well diluted. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS 

There is danger of colic terminating in inflamation of the bowels 
unless proper precautions are taken. Inflamation of the bowels may 
develop from poisons or irritating feeds, or it may follow colic caused 
by a hard drive or severe work. If the horse scours with an ojRfensive 
odor after colic, it is well to be on gua,rd for inflamation of the bowels. 

SYMPTOMS 

At first the horse is apparently not very sick. The mucous mem- 
brane of the eye is red and inflamed, and the horse generally flinches 
when pinched over the intestines. 



20 Special Feeds for Sick Stock 



TREATMENT 

Do not try to feed the horse anything but cooked gruels, milk or 
bran mashes till he has recovered agd feed that very sparingly. Give the 
following every five hours until improvement occurs. 
(1 teaspoonful,) 1 dram gum camphor 
(2 teaspoonsful,) 2 drams chloroform 

1 pint raw linseed oil; or give 1 pint castor oil in a thin flour or 
starch paste every 5 hours. 

SPECIAL FEEDS FOR SICK HORSES 

Gruel and Feeds good for Horses with Digestive Troubles 
Small quantities of green (not dead) grass. A bran mash made as 
follows is good: Take 3 quarts of bran with 21/2 to 3 pints of boiling 
water poured over it in a clean recepticle and add one tablespoonful 
of salt, allow it to cool and feed. 

Linseed Tea 
Boil 1 pound of linseed in two gallons of water till the seed is soft. 

Oat Meal Gruel 

Add 1 pound -of oat meal to 1 gallon of water and bring to a boil. 
Allow to cool and feed. 

Scalded Oats 

Pour boiling water over the amount to be fed. Allow it to cool and 
feed. 

Milk 

May give as much as 2 qcarts to 3 gallons a day pure or dilluted 
one-half with water. 

Flour Gruel 

Place l/o pint of Hour in equal parts of water and stir, add 3 to 4 
quarts of boiling water, fdl the bucket full of water and give to the 
horse luke warm, 6 or 8 gallons a day may be given. 



Choke 21 

CHOKE 

Choke sometimes occurs when horses are eating oats, dry straw, 
chaff or it may be caused by horses trying to swallow from a low feed 
box, distemper, or improper chewing of the food. Sometimes rags which 
require an unusual amount of saliva are swallowed and will not be re- 
ceived by the esophagus and gullet and cause choke. 

SYMPTOMS 

The higher the choke the more severe the symptoms. 

The horse coughs and whatever he attempts to swallow is often re- 
turned by the way of the nostrils. Breathing some times becomes so 
difficult that enough air is not taken into the lungs to prevent suffociation. 
If difficult breathing is of very long duration the abdomen becomes 
distended with gas. 

TREATMENT 

If the horse bolts his feed choking can often be prevented by spread- 
ing the feed out in a long manger. If bolting is due to the teeth, have 
them treated. 

If the choke is in the Esophagus (high choke) it can often be reached 
by hand. By having an assistant, press the choke as high as possible, 
run the hand back in tlie mouth b> holding the thumb against the roof 
of the mouth with the little finger against the tongue and remove the 
choke by pulling it out or pushing it on down. 

If a light piece of flexible metal can be obtained that can be 
bent and a 2 inch thick, tough block procured, a gag can be made by fas- 
tening the spring to the block and bending so it will clamp tightly on 
the horses cheek while the block rests between the molars preventing 
the horse from closing his mouth. The object of the spring is to prevent 
the horse from throwing the block out or between the molars. Such a 
gag can be purchased. The giving of raw or castor oil will usually 
remove a choke. 

A lower choke can often be removed by hand manipulation from 
the outside. Especially is this true when choked on articles of food. A 
piece of small oiled rubber hose is best to pass down the horses throat 
to remove a choke that cc^n not be removed by hand manipulation. The 
hose does not irritate. Pliable whip stalks should not be used unless 



22 Worms 

the end is covered to prevent the rupture or irritation of the walls cf 
the throat. A probang may be used but it is much more dangerous 0)an 
the former method. To make a probang, take a piece of whip stalk 
fastening securely a sponge or piece of soft leather on it and tie a smooth" 
string to it so if it gets loose it can be pulled out. Oil it well with 
vegetable oil, insert the probang easily and gently into the gullet and 
push the obstruction on down. If this work is not done gently there is 
danger of ruptureing the walls of the oesophagus or gullet. 

In case of suffocation it may be necessary to perform an operation 
known as Trachenomy. 

This operation consists in slitting 2 or 3 inches of skin of the throat 
over the trachea and splitting a portion of two of the Cartlidges of the 
trachea lengthwise. Do not split the joints. Hold the opening open by 
a cord and hooks run over the neck. Do not wait till dangerous bloat or 
suffocation develops to let the air in the trachea below the choke. If the 
wound is washed daily with a mild antiseptic, healing should not be diffi- 
cult. Make the incissions square in front so the arteries will not be cut. 

FOUNDER 

("Lami«i7is") 

Founder may be caused by chill or too large a dose of a medicine 
given for the purpose of physicing 

This disease is a product of indigestion settling in the tissue. 

Give the horse luke warm water to drink and light diet. 

One pint of raw linseed oil given to clean out the bowels should 
prove beneficial. Powerful physics lare to be avoided in all cases. 
Hot or cold foot baths are to be recommended. Stand the horse in a tub 
of water just as hot as the horse can stand it for half an hour twice 
daily or pack the feet in ice. This is done to induce the blood to the feet 
in its effort to equalize body temperature and this aids to carry away the 
pus of the tissue. If the founder is a bad case it may be necessary to cut 
through the frog and let out the pus. Such an incission should be 
kept well disinfected daily or healing may be difficult. 

INTESTINAL WORMS 

Nine cases out of ten it is the small or large round worms that cause 
the trouble in the horse. 



Worms 23 

Occasionally tape-worms are met with and some people believe bots 
(another intestinal parasite) causes more or lesS; annoyance. Worms 
not only eat the food which the horse has gathered for nourishment but if 
they get too numerous they may injure the wall of the intestinal canal 
causing indigestion. , 

The horse has a ravenous appetite but fails to improve in condition 
if he has become poor. Horses may have many worms in the intestines 
and not become poc^r. Whitish discoloration sometimes develops under 
the tail around the opening of the anus. A few or many worms may 
be seen mixed with the bowel passages. Light, colicky attacks are some- 
times due to worms. 

TREATMENT 

Good results in treatment of any animal for worms can not be ex- 
pected unless the medicine is given on an empty stomach and the worm 
medicine is accompanied or followed by a physic. 

The medicines given seldom kill all the worms but numbs them 
and thev must be thrown out while they are stupid hence the necessity 
of the loose condition of the bowels. Following are a few of the better 
worm treatments for matuire horses of 1000 pounds of weight. Any of 
them may be given to heavier horses or colts if given in proportion to the 
body weight. For a 2000 pound horse it would not be wise to give 
twice; ^s much as you wiould to a 1000 pound horse, pjrobably one-half 
to two-thirds more should be given. Again a yearling colt weighing 
three hundred pounds should receive a little over one-third of a dose. 
The above rule will apply to the administration of most medicines. The 
condition, weight and a^e largely determine the dose. A thin animal 
with as much intestinal surface as an animal in good condition should 
on an empty stomach to obtain results. 

receive almost as large a dose. Hotrses should have worm medicine given 
Turpentine is a good drug to give for most any kind of worms ex- 
cept bots (which are intestinal paresites) if kept up long enough. To a 
mature horse give 3 ounces (6 tablespoonsful) in 1 pint of raw linseed 
oil daily for 10 days. 

A good worm ball for all kinds of round worms is: 
Barbodoes Aloes 1 ounce (2 tablespoonsful) 
Calomel 35 grains (l/^ level teaspoonful) 
3antonin 60 grains (1 level teaspoonful) 



24 The Teeth 

mix with sufficient bran and molasses to make a ball and place the same 
as far back on the tongue as possible with a long handled spoon or ball- 
ing gun. The above may be given in capsules. Repeat the treatment in 
one week. Aloes frequently causes horses to have colicky pains. 

Powdered nux vomica, 2 ounces 
Powdered gentian root, 4 ounces. 
Powdered areca nut, (fresh) 6 ounces 
Common salt, 4 ounces 
Arsenious acid, 2 drains. 

Give 1 teaspoonful to every 250 pounds of weight. Give no feed 24 
hours before the first dose and repeat every night and morning for 1 
week, giving very little feed. Most horses will eat this formula in 1 
pound of ground feed. 

A treatment which I prefer to all others for round wofms in horses 
is tartar emetic. Gi^ve one dram once or twice dajily on an empty 
stomach in a bucket of water or in a little feed. Keep this treatment 
up for 5 or 6 days. I usually give it in the morning after the horse has 
had no feed for 12 to 14 hours and again before the evening feed. 3 to 4 
hours after the last dose is given, physic the horse with 

1/2 dram of Calomel. 

6 drams (6 teaspoonsful) of Barbadoes Aloes, 
give the above in a capsule or mix with bran and molasses and place as 
far back as possible on the tongue with a long handled spoon or balling 
gun. Don't expect results and give the drugs on a stomach containing food. 

Bisulphide of Carbon, 21/2 drams 

Raw Linseed Oil, 1 ounce, 
give 3 doses two hours apart followed by a physic. 

The above formulae is the best one known to, remove hots, and it is 
best to give it in the autumn when the bots are immature. Carbon 
bisulphide colicks some horses which can be prevented by walking them 
for an hour after they receive the medicine. 

THE TEETH 

Probably no portion of the horse's anatomy will effect the general 
condition of the horse as quickly as poor teeth. Horses that ,hold their 



The Teeth 



25 



heads sideways, eat their food ravenous, stop drinking suddenly, slob- 
bers at the mouth, have a bad breath, or are poor in condition should 
have their teeth examined. One reason the teeth are sadly neglected is 
because many do not know what to look for and often-times do not know 
how to look for the trouble. Place the horse's head toward the sun, secure 
the tongue in the left hand by reaching the hand into the mouth between 
the nippers and molars and pulling the tongue gently out of the mouth. 
The front teeth or nippers in horses that are cutting their teeth may come 
in crooked if the milk teeth do not shed or (come out) soon enough. In 




^/ _ — 1 2%-3 year* 



~ /^ — -« ^ 2 3^-4 years 



w__^_ ___ — 3 4%-5 ^years 

(Cut showing the order in which the permanent teeth appear.) 

case this happens pull the milk teeth out of the way. This can often 
be done with an ordinary pair of pinchers. The permanent teeth have 
cups in them and are larger than the milk teeth. Sometimes the milk 
teeth do not come through and the colt can not hold the teat of the mare 
and is necessary to make an incision in the gums with a knife over 



26 



The Teeth 



the teeth to help them through. Probably the most common trouble 
with the teeth of the horse is due to uneven wear. Nature foy some 
cause provided the horse with a widqr upper jaw than lower. As a re- 
sult the upper and lowejr molars wear off uneven. The upper molars 
wear to a shatp edge next to the cheek and may cut the cheek. The 
lower molars wear long and sharp on the inside and may cut the tongue, 
as the horse chews his food. In such cases the sharp edge should 
be made blunt by a special file called a float (See cut of instruments on 
page 17, fig. 2) Float the lower incisors and molars on the inside and 
the uppers next to the cheek. 

Sometimes a molar gets knocked out or decays and falls out or breaks 
off. In such a case the tooth opposite has nothing to wear against and 




_ _ __1 5%-6 years 

— ._ — ™~ -. „- 2 61/2-7 years 

- — — — _ _ _3 7%-8 years 

(Cut showing the order in which the cups wear away in the perma- 
nent teeth.) 



continues to, grow long and finally wears against the tender gum and 
none of the teeth can come together. As a Iresult the food can not be 
dhewed and the grain may pass through the horse unground. In this 
case every few months it is necessary to clip such a tooth off level with 
the other molars, 



27 



THE KIDNEYS AND URINARY ORGANS 

The function of the kidneys is to eliminate water and other wastes 
from the body. 

Probably no organ of the body is so quickly effected by the disorder 
of some other organ of the body as are the kidneys. Digestive dirorders, 
liver disorders, disorders of the gall and even nervous disorders reflect 
themselves in disorders of the kidneys. This is because of the extra 
work required of the kidneys. 

The color of the urine of a healthy horse depends largely upon the 
kind of feed they are receiving. On grass the urine is white probably 
due to salt deposits. On hay, corn, and oats it is amber color widi a 
distinct and characteristic odor. 

EXCESSIVE URINATION 

Otherwise Known as {Diuresis, Diabetis Insipidus, or Polyuria) 

CAUSES 

Excessive urination is caused by new or musty oats, hay or other 
musty feed. This disease is therefore more frequent in wet seasons. Millet 
hay is particularly liable to cause this disease. Harmful drugs in stock 
powders or patent feeds are frequent causes. 

SYMPTOMS 

Horses may drink as much as 18 gallon of water a day in hot weather 
when effected with this disease and urinate as much as 12 gallons a day 

Often the disease is mistaken for colic for it frequently happens that the 
horse has colicky pains and symptoms. The horse gets hollow in the 
flanks, gets thin in flesh, the hair stands erect, and loses its luster, the 
eyes are sunken and after running for some period the horse gets sluggish. 

TREATMENT 

The most effective treatment is to remove the cause, which is usually 
located in the feed. 

I have had cases where the hojse could not receive oats or grass 
without becoming noticeably worse. Again I have had cases other years 
that could not eat oats, clover, or millet hay without becoming worse. 



28 Gravel 

1 have never seen a horse with excessive urination that did not improve 
on timothy hay, prairie hay and corn. 

One can not expect satisfactory results and continue to feed the feed 
causing the disease. The first thing to do is to change the horses feed, 
feeding sparingly till he becomes used to the new feed. After 10 days to 

2 weeks, one will be able to tell whether the ration is or is not an agreeable 
one. I have had the best results in dealing with urinary troubles to get 
an agreeable ration. In chronic cases of long standing give 1 dram (1 
teaspoonful) of potassium iodide for 7 days, omit 7 days and unless 
marked improvement has occured during the 14 days; repeat the drug 
for another 7 days. 

DIFFICULT URINATION, SUPPRESSED 
URINATION 

(Stone, Gravel, or Urinary Calculi) 

Suppressed urination may be caused by a dirty sheath in horses 
which may be overcome by washing with soap suds well up in the sheath. 
Suppression of urine may be caused by paralysis of the bladder. Stone 
of the bladder is seldom found east of the Mississippi river. It is com- 
mon where the grass and water contain considerable calcium carbonate 
which is limestone. Limestone goes into solutkin very slowly. It may 
settle in the bladder in the form of a stone and require removing by 
pairing or can sometimes be washed out. External stone calculi oc- 
casionally appear on the face the size of a nut and are easily removed by 
cutting them out. 

SYMPTOMS 

The horse shows colicky pains. The urine is passed in small a- 
mounts or may be totally suppressed. By placing salt on the penis of 
the horse or vulva of the mare, they will usually try to urinate. When 
urine is suppressed the animal strains. It is possible to run the oiled 
hand into the rectum and determine whether the bladder is or is not 
distended and often if one or more stones are present they can be felt. 
By feeling through the vulva it is often possible to entgr blunt forceps 
through tlie l^ladder opening and secure the opening to the bladder of 
the mare located 3 inches inside the vulva on the lower part of the cavity 



Dropsy 29 

exactly in the center of the passage way to the womb. No medicines that 
I know of are of decided advantage in removing stone from the bladder 
or uretha. 

Following are some of the more common drugs used by some people 
for kidney troubles of the horse, none of which I recommend. 

Sweet Spirits of Nitre fl/o ounces (12 teaspoonsful) @ 1000 pound 
live weight, this may be repeated in three hours for several doses. Give 
each dose in 1 pint of water. 

Turpentine 6 to 10 drams (6-10 teaspoonfuls) may be given in 
water, two thirds of a dram (two thirds of a teaspoonful) of creolin 
may be given in 1 quart of water. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS 

{''Nephritis') r Drops f) 

Various kinds of colic, (more often Compaction colic) are often 
confused with kidney disorders. 

Nephritis is probably the most frequent form of kidney trouble and 
is not infrequent. It effects both horses and cattle, 

CAUSES 

This disease is attributed to kicks, blows, strains, over exertion, 
lack of opportunity to urinate etc., but it is my opinion these are 
only factors that bring about the culmination of the chronic form of the 
disease, and that the real cause is to be found far'ther back. 

Sickness such as Rheumatism or skin diseases which throw extra work 
on the kidneys because the bowels, blood, or skin do not function properly 
may be given as a cause. Millet, alfalfa and clover hays may be given 
as feeds causing extra kidney work. 

Drug doped feeds, stock powders and often drugs themselves as 
turpentine, croton oil, etc., are irritating to the kidneys and might cause 
the disease. 

A stagnant water supply would cause excess work. It is possible 
the bacteria which the kidneys are required to throw off might cause 
inflamation to develop. 



30 Dropsy 

SYMPTOMS 

There is the chronic and acute form of nephritis. The acute as I 
have observed the disease is the termination of the chronic. The chronic 
form more often manifests itself in as much as several days of suppressed 
urination or the urination may be frequent and of a deficient amount. 
These may be the only noticeable symptoms in some cases. 

In the more acute form the horse takes ill quite suddenly, becomes 
weak and if exerted lays back, wabbles, rolls and may fall in the harness. 
Such an attack usually occurs after a period of rest following heavy work, 
hence the name, "Monday Morning Disease" given it in the cities. Dur- 
ing the rest on heavy feed, the intestines have not done as much work and 
extra work has been thrown on the kidneys. However such a disease 
might occur on Wednesday or Thursday. 

One or all of the following symptoms may be present: colicky 
pains, weakness, loss of appetite, rise of fever, straggling gait, or head 
back and difficulty in rising when down. The legs, joints, abdomen and 
even the belly may be puffed out with a dropsy like swelling. By in- 
serting the oiled hand in the rectum of the horse or vulva of the mare 
no urine is to be found in the bladder. The last two symptoms are 
different from those found in inflamation of the bladder. In inflamation 
of the bladder dropsy is not present and often the bladder is full. The 
urine is thick, slimy and highly colored in nephritis. They do not al- 
ways flinch when pressure is applied over the kidneys. 

See also Congestion of the Lungs. 

TREATMENT 

Do nothing to exert the horse, blanket them and apply hot cloths 
over the kidneys. Do not give or apply externally lineaments, turpen- 
tine, croton oil, gasoline or any drugs that will irritate. A quart to 
one and one-half quarts of raw linseed or castor oil may be given to 
keep the bowels open and take work off of the kidneys. Give all the 
sweet milk they will drink and make it the chief food. Give some g>"ass 
timothy hay and oil meal but very little grain. Give the horse plenty of 
water several times daily. If they do not drink pretty plenty of water 
some salt may be added to increase the thirst. The chief things to do are 
to give the horse lots of rest avoid irritant drugs and foods and give 
close attention to the diet. A horse effected may nevea: have another 
attack or it may reoccur. 



Inflammation of the Bladder 31 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER 

(Cystis) 

Inflamation of the bladder may be caused by drugs as turpentine, 
Spanish fly or resins which interfere with the free passage of urine or 
irritate. Stone calculi may cause inflamation of the bladder. The basis 
of bladder inflamation is bacterial infection so it might be caused by 
bacteria thrown off from the diseased blood as in rheumatism, fevers, etc. 
infection often develops when catheters (an instrument used to drain 
water from the bladder) are used without previous boiling for 10 to 15 
minutes. Inflammation may arise from any cause which will suppress the 
urine, irritate or carry infection to the bladder. 

Colicky pains are present but the frequent and deficient amount of 
urine passed distinguishes it from colic. The urine may contain blood, 
pus, or fibrous tissue and often has an offensive and characteristic odor. 
The exact character of the urine is best determined by catching a small 
portion in a bucket and pouring in a tall, clean, clear bottle. By exert- 
ing pressure on the bladder after introducing the oiled hand in the rec- 
tum or vulva great tenderness of the bladder is evidenced. Sometimes 
the bladder is filled and sometimes it is empty. 

TREATMENT 

When the bladder is full it must be emptied by the use of a previous- 
ly boiled catheter remembering that sterile instruments are absolutely 
necessary in working about the bladder. 

Until the inflamation is checked the bladder must be washed out two 
times daily with 1 teaspoonful of boric acid dissolved in 1 quart of water. 
This can be done by use of a long rubber catheter and inserting one end 
in the bladder and holding the other end above the level of the bladder. 
If stone calculi are present they are probably the source of the inflamma- 
tion and should be removed. Give the horse milk as the chief diet. 
Keep the bowels open with raw linseed oil. 1/4 to 1/^ gallon may be 
given for each 1,000 pounds live weight. 

To keep the bowels open takes work off of the kidneys. Grass 
serves the same purpose if green. Do not apply blisters but use hot 
cloths over the loins. If the case has a tendency to become chronic, 
give daily 1 dram, (1 teaspoonful) of Nux Vomica and 1^ dram (1/^ 
teaspoonful) of Buchu. 



32 Care of the New Born Foal 

REPRODUCTION 

The normal period of pregnancy in the mare is eleven months, but 
cases are on record where the foal was not born for 18 months after 
the dam was bred. Twelve months is nothing unusual. There are var- 
ious reasons offered for prolonged generation. The two that look the 
most reasonable to me are as follows: I It takes longer for some in- 
dividuals to develop to a state where the lungs and other organs are in 
proper form to perform their function without the aid of the parent stock. 
II The second logical reason is the fact that it is possible for the 
sperms of the stallion to live in the womb of the mare many days before 
the egg of the mare mixes with or fuses with the sperm of the stallion. 
I have observed in warm weather sperms from the stallion kept at body 
temperature for 24 hours and apparently just as motile as when they left 
the body of the stallion. 

NATURAL FOALING OR PARTUATION IN THE MARE 

Birth may be given to a foal with the mare standing or lieing down 
hence the neccessity of bedding in a barn. After two or three pains in 
normal foaling the water bag bursts, and the fore feet protrude with the 
nose resting between the knees, with a few more pains the colt is born. 
The whole operation often consumes less than ten minutes.. 

CARE OF THE YOUNG COLT 

The big breeding establishments of la., 111., Minn, and other states 
keep men in their breeding stables both night and day during the 
foaling season, to give the proper care to the new born foal. I do not 
advocate this as a practical plan for the diversified farmer, but from the 
big breeders experience we may well pattern a few lessons. One of the 
first duties of these men after a colt is born is to see to it that the mem- 
brane which the new born colt carries over his body does not extend over 
the nostrils thus causing suffocation. 

These men are there to see to it that the colt does not bleed to death 
from the navel. When bleeding occurs they have cords previously sat- 
urated in carbolic acid, creolin or a good dip made by use of I/2 pint 
disinfectant to 1 gallon of water. With this string they tie the navel and 
stop bleeding. The stump of the navel is emerged in one of the above 
solutions to prevent navel ill which should be repeated in 10 or 12 hours. 



Navel III of Colts 33 



NAVEL AND JOINT ILL OF THE COLT 

{''''Septic Arthritis") 

In the last ten years navel ill has probably cost the farmers of the 
corn belt more money than all other diseases of colts combined. It is 
reasonably easy to prevent in many cases and very difficult to cure if 
curable at all. Some men think it possible for colts to develop navel 
ill while in the womb of the mare. However this has not been definite- 
ly established to date. Most men who have experienced with the malady 
believe in most cases the germ enters the colt's body by the way of the 
navel. Consequently to submerge the colls navel in a carbolic acid or dip 
solution and tie it will prevent the germs from entering the body. This 
should be done soon after birth. 

It occurs more frequently in foals born in barns or barn lots of in- 
fected premises than those born in open fields. It is much more de- 
sirable to havte the colt born in open, well drained pastures 
if possible since the germs do not thrive well in open dry surroundings, 
but sometimes this is impossible and in that case the stall should be 
cleaned where the colt is to be born and should be thoroughly sprayed 
with a solution made by mixing one-half pint of dip, carbolic acid, or 
creolin in 1 gallon of water or 1-500 soluton of bichloride of mercury 
solution. The latter is very poisonous and none of the pills or liquid 
should be left where they will be taken inwardly by man or beast. Then 
sprinkle air slacked lime on the walls and stall to absorb moisture and 
kill disease germs. Then apply a good bed of wheat or oats straw and 
clean the stall daily. A stall should be disinfected two times a week. 

A colt may become effected with navel ill any time before the 
navel heals up but symptoms may not appear till after the navel is heal- 
ed. The colt may seem indifferent to nurse as the first symptom, becom,e 
lame in one or more joints. The lameness may shift from one joint or 
one limb to the other. A purlent semi liquid pus may be noticeable 
around the navel stump. Then we notice swelling in the joints and con- 
sole ourselves by thinking the colt has been kicked or the mother has 
stepped on the joint but finally the swelling breaks and a whitish yellow 
discharge comes from the joint and the wound fails to heal. The colt 
may lay or limp around for several months and not grow right or they 
may die in a very few days. In rare cases they live and get well. 



34 Urination by Way of the Navel 



TREATMENT 

Iodine is the best drug to paint the navel and joints with, but all the 
treatment of every veterinarian is not as effective as to keep the colt away 
from infected bains and lots. There is a bacterin on the market for navel 
ill but to date it is only an experiment. However, on infected premises 
the 'bacterin have given good results when injected before the disease 
establishes itself. That is, healthy colts can be kept from taking the di- 
sease by immuning them with the bacterin. 



DISCHARGE OF URINE BY WAY OF THE 

NAVEL OR 

{"^Persistent Urachus"] 

Discharge of urine through the navel opening more freiqcently hap- 
pens male than female colts. It is caused by the non-closure of the 
channel through which water passes during pregnancy. 

Water runs or continually drips out of the navel cord and if al- 
lowed to continue for any length of time irritates the surrounding parts. 

TREATMENT 

This is compartively simple if a stump of the navel cord remains. 
Tie a previously disinfected soft cord around the stump and the openng 
will close. If none of the cord remains prepare a cobblers sewing 
thread by doubling and waxing it with bees-wax or rosin; place it in the 
needle; begin at the back of the navel and run a stitch from the back of 
the navel to the front and tie it, completely closing the opening and in- 
volving no more skin than is necessary. Then if urination does not go 
through the proper channel it may be the channel is closed in the uretha. 
In such a case it is necessary to open the channel with a human catheter. 
The sooner the above operation is performed in a case of navel urination 
the more successful will be the result. 



Constipation of Foals 35 

CONSTIPATION IN FOALS 

{Costiveness) 

The bowels of a foal should be observed very closely the first few 
hours after birth. Failure of the bowels to work properly causes the loss 
of many colts annually. When the bowels fail to move it is usually due 
to the first milk taken failing to act as a laxative on the bowels. The food 
of the mare prior to foaling may change the composition of the first milk. 
A ration composed of too many dry feeds with lack of exercise, feeds as corn 
and timothy hay have a tendency to cause costiveness. Stock powders, 
sometimes contain drugs which have a very deterimental effect on the com- 
position of the milk. Sometimes drugs given in disease have such an effect 
on the composition of the milk. Grass and oats with a little linseed oil 
meal makes a good ration for a brood mare. 

Sometimes a stagnant water supply has a very bad effect on the 
young foal. It sometimes happens that the mares udder is diseased. 
From my experience I am prone to believe that most all intestinal 
troubles of the normal foal's bowels are due to the feed or water of the 
mother before or after foaling. 

SYMPTOMS 

When young foals are constipated they raise the tail quite often, as 
they would in normal bowel movement. The trouble is farther indicat- 
ed by straining and colicky symptoms may be pesent. 

TREATMENTS 

See to it that the food and water supply of the mother are pure and 
as outlined above. A few injections of soap suds and water placed in a 
syringe and injected into the rectum of the colt usually soften the pas- 
sages so the bowels will move. 

I always give the colt an injection of about l/^ pint unless I am posi- 
dve the bowels have acted. If the colt becomes a day or two old and 
the colt has had no passages it is often necessary to give them (2 or 4 
tablespoonsful) l^/o to 2 ounces of castor or olive oil, repeat every 12 
hours if necessary and give 3 to 4 soapy water injections every 24 hours 
from 1-3 to 3-4 pints depending on how much of the water is retained. ' 



36 Diarrhea of Foals 



DYSENTERY 

{Bloody Flux) 

Diarrhoea 
CAUSES 

This is usually caused by feeding the mare too laxative, rich or 
irritable a feed. This disease may be caused by the mare having access 
to a foul water supply. The mare may have received a sudden change 
of feed. A diseased condition of the mare, exposure or allowing the colt 
to nurse when the mare is hot. Working the mare too soon after foal- 
ing may cause dysentery. 

SYMPTOMS 

The passages from the bowels are frequent and thin. The colt strains 
and shreads of blood are found in the passages in more advanced cases. 
The passages have an offensive odor. There may be lumps of feces in the 
passages. The colt gets weak and lies down a great deal. 

TREATMENTS 

A gradual change of diet of the mare is about the first thing to do if 
the mare has been receiving a diet of corn and hay without proper ex- 
ercise or if the mare's colt has been allowed to nurse while the mare is 
warm see to it that this is remedied. If nothing is wrong with the diet 
or the care of the mare then, if possible, procure a mare giving milk 
about the same length of time and place the sick colt on her. A change 
of mothers may help. A good feed for the mother in this disease would 
be a bran mash with a few oats and a limited amount of clover 'and 
mixed hay. Check up all feeds for a few days. I have had very good 
results by giving 6 tablespoonsful of castor oil followed in 12 hours 
by securing i/^ pint of white oak bark (get the inner bark of smallfer 
limbs) ; steep it in 1 quart of water, strain it through a cloth. After the 
same cools add raw wheat flour continually stirring till a thin paste is 
formed then add 1 teaspoonful of nutmeg. 

Give 3 tablespoonsful of the above 3 times daily till the bowels 
check. If the bowels check suddenly it will cause fever. In that case 
|ive 2 to 3 tablespoonsful of castor or olive oil every 12 hours. Some- 
times oil (castor) is given for diarrhea followed by laudanum l/o to 1 



Difficult Foaling 37 



dram and camphor 4 to 6 drops repeated every 4 or 5 hours. This has 
given me the best results in such bowel troubles. The causes and 
treatment of ' diarrhea in colts is very similar to dysentery or flux. 
Boil some white starch till a creamy constituency is obtained and drench 
the colt with 14 P^^^ 2 or 3 times daily giving an equal amount with a 
syringe by the rectum. This will often overcome diarrhea caused by too 
much or too rich a milk. Reduce the milk supply and follow the starch 
once daily with 2 tablespoonsful of castor oil containing 5 or 6 drops 
of turpentine used as a drench. Bismuth sub-nitrate may be given in 1 
to 11/2 dram doses or the formulae recommended for scours in calves may 
be found beneficial for scours in colts. 



DIFFICULT FOALING OR 

(Partuation) 

This more frequently happens when the foal is coming wrong or in 
mares that are under size for their breed and are bred to a large breed of 
stajllion. However, it seems the mare has more to do with the size of the 
foal than the stallion. On ranches little ponies that are the average 
in size for the breed seem to encounter no particular difiF.culty when bred 
to draft stallions. 

Delayed foaling after the operation begins is accompanied with more 
danger than in the cow since the whole operat'on often consumes less 
than 10 minutes, under normal conditions in the mare. The foal seldom 
lives more than 3 or 4 hours after pain begins. 

Assistance to be Given 

First of all turn the mare's head down hill with the hind parts raised 
for the purpose of pushing the foal back so it may be brought out in 
proper form. Let the operator lard the hands well. Also the body of 
the foal if possible. Then determine whether or not the foal has both 
fore feet and head up ready to come, if he hasn't, push him well back 
and straighten him out. It is dangerous and very difficult to try to get a 
foal born improperly presented. Push them away back in the womb and 
often the colt can be straightened and the foal and mare saved. Do not 
push while the mare is laboring. Merely hold what you have and push 



38 Distemper 

between pains. It is possible for the colt to be born hind feet first but 
often difficult. If the mare suffers intense pain, 1 to II/2 ounces (2 to 3 
tablespoonfuls of chloral hydrate may be given in 2 quarts of water every 
of water. An injection under the loose skin of the neck of 1 teaspoonful 
of patuitrin often is beneficial in aiding in foaling. The dose may be 
repeated in one hour. Some drug stores handle patuitrin. 

When the pelvic bones are too narrow it may be necessary to render 
aid by pulling. Pulling should be done gradual and patiently only as 
the mare strains. The greatest diameter of the pelvic opening is from 
above downward hence the colt should be born with the back next to the 
back of the mare. However it is possible for colts to be born with the 
back next to the base of the pelvic opening. Cutting off limbs or parts 
of obstructions may be necessary in most obstinate cases. The import- 
ant things to remember in aiding the mare is to raise the hips high to 
enable you to straighten the foal if wrong presentation is offered. All 
aid should be given gently and do not try to cause the birth to quick 
since it often requires time to straighten a foal or give the pelvic open- 
ing time to enlarge. 

A mare that encounters difficulty in foaling should be washed out 
daily for a few days with a gallon of luke warm water having 14 pi^t of 
sheep dip in it. This can be done with a funnel and 4 to 5 feet of 
rubber tubing. Insert the rubber in the womb and pour the water in 
the funnel. 



DISEASES OF THE BLOOD 
DISTEMPER OR 

(Strangles) , (Shipping Fever) 

Distemper is caused by a germ which lives from year to year out- 
side the body of the horse. Hence the necessity of a thorough cleaning 
up or disinfecting after an attack to prevent succeeding out breaks. The 
first horses usually get the germs from public watering fountains, feed 
troughs or infected stables. Highly bred horses from 3 to 5 years old 
seem to get the disease easier than poorly bred horses or mules or more 
aged horses. Some people state that a horse never takes distemper but 
once, however I've seen the same horse effected three times. 



Distemper 39 

This disease is more severe the first time a horse has it than fol- 
lowing attacks. From 3 to 5 per cent of the cases die. 

SYMPTOMS 

The horse in the first stages of the disease has a watery sticky dis- 
charge from one or both nostrils. Then the horse coughs, has increased 
thirst, but prefers to drink often and in small amounts. In two or three 
days the sticky, watery discharge changes to a dirty white pus. The 
more severe the case the more pus there is formed. 

The first swellings appear in the upper portion of the throat (The 
Pharynx) or is between the base of the lower jaw bones, (The Sub Max- 
illary Glands). In addition swelling may appear on any portion of the 
body, varying in size from a small potato to a hens egg. If not treated, 
the abscesses usually break the second week of the attack. The horse 
has a diminished appetite. 

TREATMENTS 

When horses get strangles place them in open pastures if they have 
a dry place to lie down and the weather will permit. A pasture having 
running water in it is preferable, since well horses are not as likely to 
take the disease from the sick ones. If the weather is snowy or rainy 
byi all means keep them in shelter as the sick horses will easily take cold 
or may develop pneumonia. Do not feed feverish or irritable foods 
such as corn, corn fodder or timothy hay. Feed feeds that are not 
feverish with a laxative effect such as oats, grass, oil meal, or clean 
clover hay. Allowing the horse to get warm and cool off quick has a 
tendency to make distemper worse. The swelling may be considerably 
reduced by applying red iodide of mercury 1 part, lard 4 or 5 parts. 
The iodide has an antiseptic effect, easily absorbed and causes the blood 
flow to come to the part. Bathing the abscess in hot water before apply- 
ing the mercury blister often aids in reducing the pus. In severe cases 
it will often be necessary to allow the horse to inhale camphor, tar or 
arnmonia fumes. Hold a sponge or bucket below the horses nose con- 
taining hot water with one of them in it and let the horse breath the 
fumes. Some claim better results from lancing the swellings than from 
applying blisters. 



40 Rheumatism 



SUFFOCATION 

Suffocation in distemper may call for an operation called Tracheo- 
tomy. This consists in cutting 2 to 3 inches of the skin parallel with the 
wind pipe and directly in front of it to avoid arteries. Then a portion of 
the cartlidge is split parrallel with the first incision and none of the 
joints of the trachea must be cut for they are hard to heal. Hold the 
opening open by hooks tied by a string over the neck. This will en- 
able the horse to breathe. Wash the wound daily with a 3 per cent 
carbolic acid or dip solution. This washing should be done with a half 
saturated rag so the carbolic acid or dip water that is, "41/^ teaspoonful of 
the drug to 1 pint of the water" does not get in the trachea. If the horse 
has a tendency to constipate ^/^ to 1 quart of raw oil may be given or 
daily dose of 4 to 6 tablespoonfuls of salts. Salts tend to 'reduce the 
fever but are more irritating. Give the salts in 1 quart of water. 

If the fever becomes severe nothing is better to reduce it than the 
following formula: 

Aconite 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 
Belladonna 2 drams (2 teaspoonsful) 
Water 2 ounces (4 tablespoonsful). 

Give 3 to 5 teaspoonsful of the above formula every 2 hours or till 
the fever is reduced or 4 or 5 doses are given. I do not favor aconite 
alone for it depresses the heart action. 



RHEUMATISM 

Inflamation of the Muscles and Joints 

Rheumatism is probably more frequent in the horse than any of the 
larger domestic animals. The disease may assume either an acute or a 
chronic form. In the acute form the pains may shift from joint to joint. 
It is not always possible to tell whether the disease is one of the muscles 
or located in the joints. When the joints are effected it is somethin-i; 
called articular rheumatism. The muscles of the hips, shoulders and 
loins are the ones most frequently effected. Animals that have had the 
disease are more likely to be attacked again. Generalized rheumatism 
often ends in death. Animals that recover are often stiff. 



Rheumatism 4] 



CAUSES 

The exact cause of rheumatism is not well established. One of the 
more recent theories is that rheumatism is an infectious disease. That 
is it is caused by disease producing bacteria which enter the body and get 
into the blood causing the disease to develop. Some believe that rheuma- 
tism is caused by accumulation of acid in the blood. Others believe the 
disease is caused by strains etc. 

While the exact and specific causes are unknown there are some 
known factors that are inducive to the disease upon which most authorities 
agree. Among these factors are cold, damp quarters, allowing the ani- 
mals to cool off rapidly after severe exercise. An animal that has been 
heavily fed and pampered and is suddenly changed to a light diet and 
exposure is a good subject for the disease. Thus the disease is not infre- 
quently met with in show animals if they are not properly handled. To a 
limited degree rheumatism seems to be hereditary. 

SYMPTOMS 

As this disease is both acute and chronic the symptoms may come 
on very rapidly, or they may be slow in developing. The muscles of the 
organs of locomation are the ones most frequently effected in the horse. 
The animal becomes stiff. The joint form of the disease shifts from joint 
to joint, and the limbs that are first attack often completely recover. The 
effected joints or muscles are painful to the horse when touched. The 
stiffness is most noticeable in backing or turning. The horse may limp 
or even drag the legs. Generalized rheumatism is accompanied by 
generalized fever while in localized rheumatism local fever is manifest. 

TREATMENTS 

For localized rheumatism the treatment for swellings and inflama- 
lion and is often beneficial and all that is necessary. 

The animal should be well bedded and allowed all the water he will 
drink. The horse should receive laxative feeds as oil meal, oats, bran, 
clover hay, etc. 

In generalized rheumatism % ounce of salicylite of soda may be 
gliven 3 times daily in a bran and molasses ball placed well back on the 
tongue with a long handled spoon. 

Friedberger and Frohner recommend Hypodermic injections in'to 



42 Anthrax 

the deep muscles of the shoulder of % to II/2 grains of veratrine for 
each 1200 pounds live weight. The first dose is to be % grain and 
to be increased 1-6 of a grain each dose. Make 1 injection daily after 
4 to 5 days omit 1 dose and begin again. Never give over 11/^ grai*ns 
per 1200 pounds live weight. Exercise the horse after the injection. 

There will probably be uneasiness after the injection unless the 
horse is exercised. When too much is given the horse sweats profusely, 
runs saliva, may have spasms and try to vomit. However if directions 
are followed, such results should not occur. 

If such symptoms develop give stimulants as 1 ounce (2 tablespoons- 
ful) of 10 per cent solution of Ammonia in l]/^ quarts of water or 4 to 5 
pints of coffee. However if mild symptoms develop do not increase the 
following dose. 

ANTHRAX 

(Charhon) , (Carbuncles), {Woolso^ters Disease), etc. 

General Discussion and Causes 

This disease has been known to effect all domestic animals and 
fowls as well as man. Men working with hides coming from anthrax 
districts often take the carbuncle form. This is one of the oldest of 
diseases. Moses probably had reference to this disease in Exodus IX 
3-10. Greek writers have made frequent reference to this disease. Out- 
breaks of anthrax have been officially reported in most of the live stock 
producing states but it is more frequent in the Northern states and the 
overflow lands of the lower Mississippi. 

Anthrax bacilli prefer low loose soil containing an abundance of 
decaying vegetable matter. This disease usually occurs during the hot 
summer months especially if a drouth is being broken by an excess of 
rain. The heat of the summer is not only favorable to development of 
anthrax bacilli but the disease germs have been found in the bodies of 
earth-worms. The rains would naturally bring the worms to the surface, 
immediately after a drought the pastures are short and more earth con- 
taining the bacilli is taken in with the food of the horse, hence it is more 
frequent after a rain following a dry hot summer. 

Outside of the animal body the germs form a tough membrane a- 
round themselves and are then known as spores. When this body mem- 
brane is formed the germs have more power to resist disinfectants, water, 



The Skin Form of Anthrax 43 



etc. The spores are capable of living in water from 60 to 70 days. They 
will live in the soil for 10 years or more and may be carried on a hide 
from a diseased animal. 

SYMPTOMS 

The intestinal form of anthrax is more common than the lung or 
wound form. 

The quickness with which the disease develops and terminates is an 
outstanding symptom. The horse may take suddenly sick and die in less 
than half an hour or he may live as long as four days in the form where 
the infection occurs through a wound. Moderate colic pains may be the 
first symptoms and invariably last throughout the course of the disease 
terminating in diarrhea. Fever is manifest by portions of the body 
being cold while fever is present in other parts. 

The membranes of the nostrils are blue and tears may come from the 
eyes. Chill and nervous spasms are not uncommon. However the ani- 
mals may be dull and walk with a staggering gait. Breathing is fast 
and often so difficult that death may occur due to suffocation. 

In such cases the infection has probably made its Invasion through 
the breathing apparatus and may be accompanied by throat swelling, in 
which case the animal has difficulty in swallowing. Death usually occurs 
in from one half to thirty hours. 

THE SKIN FORM 

This form of anthrax is not as frequent as the intestinal form. 
The animal may show decided improvement at times and live three or 
four days. 

The skin form is evidenced by considerable swelling in the vicinity 
where the infection first occurs. Nodular swellings the size of a small 
hen's egg come on the surface of the body; chiefly on the base of the 
chest and the inner surface of the fore and hind quarters or on the 
scrotum or vulva. The swellings at first are hot and painful later they 
are cool and may become gangrenous. 

After death the spleen is enlarged, the liver appears cooked, the 
blood is black and tarry and refuses to clot. Bloating rapidly takes 
place after death and the blood may run from the nostrils and anus. 
The hair is often easily pulled from the hide. 

In the lung and intestinal form the mortality is about ninety per 
cent, while in the skin form the mortallity is about seventy-five per cent. 



44 Glanders and Farcy 



Prevention and Treatment 

Stay absolutely away from all infected pens and animals because 
the disease can be carried on the shoes or clothing. Keep all effected ani- 
mals in small open pens away from stock, barns, and pastures and disin- 
fect the pens well, especially before rains with 1 part Potassium Per- 
manganate to 25 parts of water. Keep dogs, neighbors, etc. out. Bury all 
dead animals where they die in a bed of quick lime, bury at least 6 feet 
deep. If they are burned haul the wood to the dead animals and don't 
drag them to the wood for that spreads infection. Be sure all particles 
burn up completely so no portions can be carried by crows, dogs, cyotes, etc 

If the dead animals are skinned, (which should not be done, since 
man will take the disease) . The hide should be soaked in carbolic acid 
or sheep dip solution for 10 hours. This solution should be in propor- 
tion of 1/2 gallons of drug to 5 gallons of water. Burn all clothes of 
attendants. 

Pasteur's protective innoculation against anthrax is hard to produce 
in horses. That is it is quite hard to make a healthy horse immune to the 
disease although it is possible to produce immunity for a few months. 
A pasture will hold Anthrax infection as long as ten years. It is best 
to crop such fields. There is a serum on the market to inject into sick 
animals which is partly successful. One ounce (2 tablespoonsful) of 
Creolin given every 5 or 6 hours in 2 pints of Raw Oil is probably the 
most effective drug treatment for the sick horses but it is of little benefit.^ 
In such cases the closest deputy state veterinarian should be called into 
consultation since he is paid by the state for such assistance. 



GLANDERS AND FARCY 

This is one of the oldest diseases effecting horses, mules, donkeys, 
rabbits and man. This disease occurs in all quarters of the world. If 
my advise is heeded, you can not be too careful in dealing with a sus- 
pected case of this disease. Man will contract glanders from stock and 
it is therefore one of the most dangerous diseases known to veterinary 
medicine. 

Never examine a suspected case or go in buildings where there is 
a suspected case without being properly masked over the nostrils and 
mouth to prevent the enlrance of disease germs into your own system. 

These germs are about .09811 inches in length and .04618 iijches in 



Glanders and Farcy 45 



width, hence can be seen only with the highest powered microscope. The 
hands should be protected with rubber gloves and the mask and gloves 
burned after examination. 

Malet found by his experiments that the disease could not live out- 
side the horses body longer than 4 months. Hence a stable may be dis- 
infected with a 5 per cent or stronger solution of carbolic acid (1 pint 
to 1 gallon of water) after thoroughly cleaned by masked men and should 
bg safe to reoccupy in 4 months. Sunlight aids in destroying the germs. 
A barn should be shut up tight and the following used in fumigation, 
after all stock are out of the building. Place 1/4 pint of Potassium Permag- 
anate in several earthen jars, place in all sections of the barn and pour 
in the one fartherest from the door about l/^ pint of Formaldehyde as 
you approach the door pour I/2 pint in the other jars. Leave the barn 
closed for 6 or 7 hours. If 2 rows of crocks are used, let 2 do the pour- 
ing. This should be done before attempting to clean the barn after it 
is established; the horses have glanders and should be done again 
before the horses are stabled in such a barn. The germ of glanders and 
farcy are the same. Formerly they were considered two separate diseases, 
but it has been definitely establishd that farcy and glanders are the same 
disease. Glanders effecting the organs of respiration, glands of the 
head and lungs are of more frequent occurance than the form effect- 
ing the skin which is called farcy. However the two forms are often 
i'ound in the same horse. 

Glanders of the nostrils is characterized by lard colored nodules in 
the nostrils. At the beginning these nodules do not exceed the size of a 
small pea. These nodules are varying in form from round to oblong 
and are usually irregular in outline and surrounded by a red ring. As 
the case advances these ulcers go deeper become larger and very irregular 
in shape like ice flowers or snow flakes with a peculiar sticky discharge. 
In addition the glands of the head throw off a discharge, not unlike the 
discharge of distemper. The horse coughs and a bloody discharge comes 
from the nostrils. In chronic cases the horse swells on the legs along the 
neck and shoulders and abdomen. These swellings vary in size from a 
pin head to the size of a walnut, or these swellings may be isolated or 
in continuous patches over portions of the entire body. In the acute 
form the horse may live only a few days but in the chronic form the 
horse may recover from the swellings and be capable of spreading the 
disease by unnoticed ulcers in the nose cavity after he is apparently well. 



46 Lock Jaw 

DIAGNOSIS 

If a horse is suspected of glanders the Mallen test should be given. 
This extract is injected beneath the skin. In 1 to 24 hours, usually 6 to 8 
hours the fever will rise two or more degrees and the horse will swell 
at the point of the injection. The fever falls in the course of a few 
hours and may rise again the following day. If the horse has little or no 
fever at the beginning of this test it is reliable but is unreliable if fever 
is present. 

TREATMENTS 

Most state laws compel the killing of horses effected with glanders. 
It is the duty of the state veterinarian and his deputies to investigate sus- 
pected cases and make arrangements for the compensation of the owners. 
Due to the danger to both man and beast it is only prudent to destroy 
such animals. 

LOCK JAW 

(Tetanus) 

This disease is caused by a specific disease germ which produces 
a poison that causes involuntary contraction (spasms) of one or more 
muscles of the body. When outside the animal body this germ will throw 
a thickened wall around its body thus enabling it to live many months, 
but when the proper environment is met it springs from its dormant 
state and begins rapid multiplication. 

Outside the body of the horse the germ is most prevalent in the soil 
and manure where air is excluded. On some farms the germ seems to 
develop at every opportunity, while on other farms lock jaw has never 
been known. 

This disease germ is carried into deep wounds usually by foreign 
matter penetrating deep into the body tissues such as old rusty barb 
wire recovered from the earth, nails run into the hoofs or flesh, or the 
germs may be carried into the body by foreign matter remaining on the 
cord at castration. Wire cuts which leave ragged edges and heal on the 
outer surface excluding air are favorable to the development of lock jaw. 
Most people are prone to believe a deep wound is necessary for lock ja»v 
but my observations have led me to conclude it will develop in a 



Lock Jaw 47 

shallow wound that heals on the exterior and excludes the air as quickly 
as in a deep wound. 

Lock Jaw germs sometimes enter the body of the horse in tooth 
cavities. In conclusion I would say any wound permitting foreign matter, 
such as nails, barb wire, manure, dirt, etc. and closing by contraction 
or healing without being thoroughly disinfected makes an ideal place for 
lock jaw to develop. 

Some believe it is possible for the germ to enter the body in a 
wound along the alimentary canal which seems reasonable to me. 

SYMPTOMS 

The symptoms of lock jaw develop in from 3 to 30 days after a 
wound is made. Involuntary contraction (spasms) of the muscles usually 
begin at the front of the body on the muscles of the head, neck, shoulders, 
and front legs. 

Contraction may begin at the tail and hips and descend to the 
muscles in the front part of the body. I never knew of a case beginning 
in the legs and progress toward the head or tail. 

The head is held in an elevated position and the neck often assumes 
an angle similar to that in the does or ewes. 

The membrane on the lower part of the eye "The Haw" often 
covers one half of the eye ball. This symptom does not occur so dis- 
tinct in any other disease. 

Chewing and swallowing are difficult or impossible although the 
appetite may not be diminished. The jaws are sometimes (not always) set. 
The muscles of the neck, spine and legs may become set, and the horse 
may assume a braced position in standing as though the limbs were 
stilts. Often none of the feet can be raised without the horse falling 
which may result in death. 

The nostrils are enlarged and saliva may come from the mouth. 

The horse is restless, and usually carries the tail elevated and to 
one side. The mortality is high in the acute attacks or attacks that 
come on quick but recovery sometimes occurs where the contraction of 
the muscles of the jaws and throat come on slowly. This disease proves 
fatal in about 60 per cent of the cases. 



48 Treatment of Lock Jaw 

Prevention and Treatment 

On farms where lock jaw is of frequent occurrence, prevention is of 
utmost importance. All obstacles causng injury such as boards with 
nails in them improperly stretched wire, or loose wire should be removed 
or repaired so that stock can not injure themselves. Stables should be 
thoroughly cleaned and disnfected at frequnet intervals with one of the 
following reliable disinfectants, by sprinkling. 

Yo pint of Creolin to 1 gallin of water, 6i/4 per cent solution 

1/4 piiit of Formaldehyde to 1 gallon of water, 3 per cent sol. 

Yo pint of Carbolic Acid to 1 gal. of water, 6^4 per cent sol. 

All wounds as soon as made should be filled with tincture of iodine 

or equal parts of liquid lard and turpentine or strong carbolic acid and 

dusting powders having a drying effect. Never let a wound heal over on 

the outside and shut puss up in the cavity. Always keep them open a 

few days. 

TREATMENTS 

If proper precautions are taken as to wounds as outlined above, it is 
not supposed the horse will develop lock jaw and the prevention is worth 
more than all veterinarians can do after the horse develops the disease. 

The germ of this disease lives and stays in the wound and does not 
spread through the blood of the body as most other diseases. However 
the poisons developed by tetanus bacteria is readily absorbed by the 
blood and cause the symptoms to develop due to the fact the germs are 
in the tissue of the wound some surgeons cut all the tissues away on 
the sides of the wound to its full depth thereby stopping the formation 
of still more poison since these germs can not live in the presence of air. 

To be of any benefit this operation must be done when the very 
first symptoms appear. The wound should be kept clean with iodine 
washes for a few days and then daily dusted with drying powders pre- 
ferably those containing iodine compounds. 

The following treatment is recommended for Lock Jaw 
25 grains (1-3 teaspoonful) of Carbolic Acid 
1 ounce (2 tablespoonsful) of Glycerine 
1 ounce (2 tablespoonsful) of water 

Mix the above together and inject twice daily under the loose skin 
of the neck or shoulder. Most horses will drink thin foods such as 
milk or gruels as outlined on page 20. 



Hydrophobia 49 



In severe pain it may be possible to give by the mouth with a 
syringe 1 to II/2 ounces of chloral hydrate every 2 hours till the pain 
is relieved. Now dilute 1 ounce in at least 2 quarts of water to avoid 
irritation of the throat. If the horse can not swallow 5 grains of 
sulphate of morphine in 2 teaspoonsful of previously boiled water, 
may be injected imder the skin often enough to relieve pain. (See cut 
on (page 17, fig. 4,) for the proper kind of a syringe to use to make the 
injection. (I prefer to use tetanus anti-toxin as a curative agent for 
lock jaw. As a preventative before symptoms develop 3000 units of tet- 
anus anti-toxin should be injected beneath the skin. As a curative 
agent 3000 to 6000 units should be injected the first dose depending on 
the severity of the symptoms. Then every day for 12 to 14 days inject 
3000 units, one-tenth of a grain of labelin sulphate injected daily in 
a separate dose is believed by some to be of benefit when used with 
the tetanus anti-toxin in a seperate injection. Human anti-toxin will 
do to inject but stock anti-toxin is much cheaper. It can be gotten from 
supply houses listed in the back of this book or local drug stotes.) 



HYDROPHOBIA 

{Rabies, Madness,) 

This is chiefly a disease of the hot summer months. Dogs, foxes 
and wolves usually inflict the bite to the horse. The saliva contains 
the germs of this disease hence it is possible for the disease to be carried 
from a rabied animal to wounds of the well animal by flies. 

Provided there are no sores on the mouth or gums it is impossible to 
give a horse rabies by feeding them food ladened with rabies germs. 
The symptoms appear from 3 days to 8 weeks after the wound is inflicted 
The symptoms of the horse are quite variable. Restlesness, pawing, 
blood shot eyes and stareing, horses gnaw the wound made by rabied 
animal, and froth at the mouth. Urination is difficult, and sexual excite- 
ment increases followed by paralysis of the porterior part of the body. 

Not all of these symptoms will be noticeable, but most of them can 
be observed in most cases. The appetite is ravenous but as the case ad- 
vances it diminishes until it is below normal. In some cases symptoms 
are very much modified. 



50 Nasal Catarrh 



TREATMENTS 

Any animal suspected of being bitten by a rabied animal 
(one having hydrophobia) should have their hair clipped around the 
wound and vasceline applied all around the surface of the flesh encir- 
cling the wound but none applied in the wound. Then the wound 
should be cleansed to its full depth with dilute nitric acid or by the use 
of a red hot iron. It is of utmost importance to cleanse to the full 
depth of all bites. If a piece of caustic potash can be obtained and 
sharpened to a sharp point and run to the bottom of all wounds it may 
prevent the disease, however I much prefer the nitric acid or cauterizing 
treatment. Any animal suspected of being bitten should be isolated for 
at least 9 weeks so he can not bite other animals and thereby cause a 
spread of the dsease. 

If the animal is a very valuable animal protective innoculation 
may be advisable. By protective innoculation is meant the securing of 
the Pasteur institutes in one of the large cities as Chicago, New York, 
etc., a portion of the weakened virus is placed in the blood every day 
for 2 or 3 weeks. In man the mortality has been reduced from 75 to 5 
per cent. After rabid symptoms appear the treatment is of no value. 

Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the effected animal has 
or has not rabies. 

In that case it is usually a dog. In that case pack the entire head in 
ice and express it to the State Experiment Station where a thorough ex- 
amination can be made of the brain by a competent bacteriologist. Pre- 
pay such express charges. 

COLDS IN THE HEAD 

{Nasal Gleet, Nasal Catarrh, Rhinitis) 

There is two forms of this disease, the acute or quick acting and the 
chronic or long lasting form. In the acute form the membranes of the 
nose are feverish and dry. Soon a discharge appears usually from both 
nostrils, which at first is thin very much like water but as the case ad- 
vances it becomes more like buttermilk and eventually its make up as- 
sumes the form of pus. The discharge is usually smooth but may have 
lumpy formations in it. In cases where the eyes are effected and the 
glands of the neck are swollen it indicates a more severe case. This 
disease is one that seldom works serious results but if longer standing 



Sore Throat 51 



than three weeks steps should be taken to break it up to prevent it de- 
veloping into chronic catarrh. 

TREATMENTS 
It is far better in the treatment of the diseases of the organ of res- 
piration to keep the horse outdoors as long as the horse is dry and has a 
dry place to lay down. Prevent the horse from cooling off quickly 
when warm. Hold a bucket of steaming water under the horses nose 
containing creolin or carbolic acid and allow the horse to inhale the 
vapors. This should be done several times daily. Vapor salves such 
as Vick's may be rubbed in the nostrils three times daily 

CHRONIC NASAL CATARRH 

Chronic nasal catarrh is the result of allowing the acute form to 
progress too far usually due to exposure. It requires care not to expose 
the horse to rain, snow etc. and daily treatment for a few weeks to over- 
come such a case. Allow the horse to inhale the vapor of hot water con- 
taining carbolic acid, creolin, camphor or tar used one after the other 
each successive time the horse is treated. If only one vapor is used its 
affect is reduced each succeeding time. The horse should inhale each one 
of the vapors once a day. In addition every two or three days the nos- 
trils should receive in the form of a douche by a spray or syringe one of 
the following: 

Zinc Sulphate (3 teaspoonsful) 3 drams. 

Water, 1 quart, or 

Hydrogen Peroxide (3 teaspoonsful) 3 drams 

Water, 1 quart. 

SORE THROAT, LARYNGITIS, SWELLING 
OF THE GLOTTIS 

This disease is usually found in connection with other disease as 
inflamation of the pharynx. It is often caused by inflamation of other 
organs extending to it, or may be caused by irritants, infection or ex- 
posure. 

SYMPTOMS 

The horse coughs a great deal especially if pressure is applied to 
the organ comparing to Adam's apple in man. Breathing and swallow- 
ing are difficult. 



52 Pneumonia 



TREATMENTS 

Allow the horse to breath steam from a bucket containing hot water 
with 6 or 7 teaspoonsful of turpentine to 1 gallon of water. If the case 
is severe, continue the treatment for several hours continually renewing 
the water when it gets too cool to steam. If the case is a mild one 4 or 
5 buckets full a day are usually sufficient. 

A blister applied on the outside surface externally to the effected 
parts is of benefit. Such a blister would be: Spanish Fly, 1 part, 
Lard, 4 parts. 

Apply once daily and rub in well or if preferred: Red Iodide of 
Mercury I part. Lard 4 parts. 

Hot clothes applied to swellings will give relief. Feed soft feeds 
as milk. Some horses will drink it others will not. Don't drench. Bran, 
linseed meal and scalded oats are among the more desirable feeds. 



PNEUMONIA 

{Lung Fever) 

I never have known of a horse running in the open fields during 
the winter months developing pneumonia, provided they have forage to 
pick and shelter from rain and snow. In my years of experience win- 
tering idle horses, I never have been able to keep horses in as good con- 
dition when stall fed, (grain and hay) with a lot to exercise in as when 
they have some kind of forage to pick at in the open fields, without grain 
and stabled only during nights of snow and rain. I attribute the results 
due to the laxative effect of the forage, exercise and plenty of fresh air. 
Drafts in stables and poor ventilation are two very common causes of 
pneumonia. The pneumonia germ does not seem to develop well in 
the presence of pure air. Standing in storms of snow or rain are com- 
mon causes of pneumonia. Foreign bodies getting into the lungs 
allowing a warm horse to cool off quickly in cold weather predis- 
poses to pneumonia. Foreign bodies getting into the lungs either from 
drenching or improper swallowing of food sometimes causes pneu- 
monia and pleurisy, 

SYMPTOMS 

The membranes of the air passages are continuously exposed to 
the air and hence they are probably more susceptible or liable to dis- 



Pneumonia 53 



ease than any other membrane of the body. This is one of the diseases 
that tlie inexperienced may be likely to believe there is not much wr6ng 
with the horse because he does not go through such symptoms as are 
manifest in colic. The disease is usually ushered in by a chill. The 
fever may reach 105 degrees, and last 5 or 6 days and falls quite rapidly. 
Muscular weakness is in evidence and the horse usually stands with 
the front legs spread apart. The appetite is diminished but seldom 
entirely lost. The membranes of the nostrils are red. The mouth is 
hot and often sticky. The horse drinks an excessive amount of water. 
The breathing is rapid and a rusty to yellow discharge comes from the 
nostrils. Crackling sounds not unlike that of crushed paper in the hand 
can be heard by placing the ear to the sides of the lung cavity and often 
by rubbing the sides of the chest with the hand. Death or recovery oc- 
curs within 10 days to 3 weeks. 

TREATMENTS 

The practice of keeping the horse out doors when the weather will 
permit with sufficient blankets to prevent chilling is gaining a number of 
followers in late years. This practice has for its foundation the fact 
that the germs of the disease do not thrive well in the presence of pure 
air hence when air is taken into the lungs in the pure state it retards 
the development of the disease. To say the least pure air is by far better 
in such a case than a poorly ventilated stable or one having drafts. 

Constipation generally accompanies fevers, for that reason feed the 
horse from the beginning of the case laxative feeds such as bran and oil 
meal mashes, scalded oats (allowed to cool), clover hay that has been 
properly cured and if the horse will drink it as much as 3 gallons of 
milk a day. If the horse does not eat foods placed before him in a 
reasonable time remove them. Do not drench with foods. If the facili- 
ties are at hand and the weather will permit, ring hot blankets out of 
hot water, apply by bandanging to the sides of the chest and over the 
withers and cover with a dry heavy blanket to hold in the heat. As the 
wet blankets cool off ring them out and apply hot again. Continue 
this for two hours and rub dry with alcohol. 

Unless conditions are ideal for such a treatment as to drafts and 
drying without taking more cold it is best to omit it. 

Take pure finely ground mustard, mix enough water to make a 
paste, rub the sides and base of the chest that enclose the sides well with 



54 Congestion of the Lungs 

it and cover with blankets or papers and then blanket, remove in an hour 
and a half. This may be applied every day or so. Some rubbed on 
the legs and we:ll bandaged will often aid the circulation in those parts. 
Three fourths of 1 teaspoonful (% of 1 dram) of quinine given in a 
spoon or given in a capsule is often very beneficial in the height of the 
fever. If the fever gets too high the following is good. 
Aconite (1 teaspoonful) 1 dram 
Belldonna (2 teaspoonsful) 2 drams 
Water (4 tablespoonsful) 2 ounces. 
Give 3 teaspoonsful of the above every two hours until the fever 
is reduced or all is given. Or it may be given 1 teaspoonful every i/^ hr. 
Never give aconite alone for it depresses the heart and the bell- 
donna is to overcome tliat in pneumonia. 

If the horse becomes depressed due to the disease he may be stimu- 
lated by the following. 

Rectified Spirits 3 ounces (6 tablespoonsful) 
Nitrous Ether liA ounce (3 tablespoonsful 
Water, 1 pint. 
Give every 5 hours as a drench with a syringe. In drenching a horse 
in such a disease be sure he can swallow. Drench slow if too much 
difficulty is encountered in swallowing it is best to wait a while. 

Allowing a horse to inhale vapors from a bucket of hot water with 
tar or creolin in it for sometime, renewing the hot water as often as it 
cools so it does not steam. The appetite is a good indication as to how 
the case is progressing. 

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS 

This is caused by over exertion of a horse. The horse may reel, or 
fall where he is. The exertion reduces the nervous strength until the 
larynx contracts and sufficient air is not taken into the lungs to purify 
the blood. The veins of the body stand out prominent and the breath- 
ing is rapid. 

TREATMENTS 

Let about 1 gallon of blood from the juglar vein, not so much if 
the horse shows improvement. As much as 6 quarts may be let if the 
horse does not show improvement. The blood is black in congestion 
due to lack of oxygen. 



Paralysis 



55 



Give in a drench if the horse can swallow 

Sulphuric ether 11/4 ounces (3 tablespoonsful) 

Turpentine ly^ ounces (3 tablespoonsful) 

Milk, 1 quart 

Do not repeat tlie above dose under 10 to 12 hours. Rub the legs 
until they are warm, dry massage the body and blanket to attempt to 
draw the blood away fron> the lungs to the surface of the body. 

PARALYSIS 

CAUSES 

The causes are not definitely known and are probably quite variable. 

SYMPTOMS 

The loss of the control of the hind quarters inability to rise as they 
should and difficulty in moving are the chief symptoms in parliavl 
paralysis. 

TREATMENT 

The more severe the symptoms the less likely they are to recover. If 
the horse can stand in a sling made by 2 poles and old gunny sacks 
there is hope for recovery. (See illustration). Blister the effected part 









1 








1 



(A very satisfactory home made sling.) 



56 Forage Poisoning 



which is usually the loin and hips with a blister of 5 parts of lard and 1 
part of Spanish fly and give in a drench 1 dram nux vomica twice or three 
times a day in one pint of water until the muscles twitch or improvement 
occurs. The twitching of the muscles indicate poisoning. Then omit 
for 3 or 4 doses and begin by giving 1 dram twice daily. 
Feed laxative feeds. 

Following is Fowler's Solution which is a good tonic and is believed 
by some to excell nux vomica in paralysis and broken wind. 
Arsenous Acid 1 part 
Potassium bicarbonate 2 parts 
Water 97 parts 
Give the horse 3 to 4 teaspoonsful 2 times daily in the drinking water. 

FORAGE POISONING 

Wormy Corn Poisoning, Forage Poisoning, Improperly Called Inflam- 
mation of the Brain 

Mengitis, Mengo Encephalitis 

My obversation has led me to believe a very large per cent of the 
brain troubles of the horse are not due to nervous disorder as much as 
to poisonous or indigestible foods, however blows and fractures to the 
spine may cause brain disorder. Invariably in brain disorder the food 
lias been stunted or damaged in growth or curing. 

In dry years fodder forage develops prussic acid in some cases 
which causes brain disorders. In other cases we find an unnormally 
large amount of indigestible woody matter in the fodder due to dry 
weather. This causes compaction and brain troubles. In other cases 
we find molds and deterioration, as is often found in silos and fodders. 
In recent investigation, ptomaine poisons have been found associated with 
brain disorders. Ptomaine poisons are the ones sometimes formed in 
canned fruit and not infrequently kill people. Much wqrk has been done 
by investigators recently to determine whether corn damaged by worms 
will or will not poison horses. 

In connection with the above fungus growths on forage, wormy corn 
has also been very thoroughly investigated. Sufficent work has been 
accomplished to determine that either will poison the horse. 

There are sections where wormy corn is fed and does not poison 



Wormy Corn 57 



horses certain years and the following year the same section may sus- 
tain a heavy loss probably due to different conditions of rainfall and 
growth of the plants. Wormy corn can be taken from sections suffering 
losses into sections of no disease and horses fed the wormy corn or 
forage will develop the disease, becoming afflicted with staggfers, after 
eating wormy corn or fungi infected forage about 60 days. The sound 
food coming out of the same crib apparently has no effect upon other 
horses. It does not seem to be the worms or dust causing the staggers but 
appears to be a bacteria finding suitable feed for development in the 
vicinity of the cornworm, or his products. Boiling does not prevent the 
staggers hence the poison must exist before the corn is fed. 

Certain molds form on forage and fodder crops known as fungi 
generally when a wet spell follows a drouth. This like wormy corn 
poison is found in certain isolated sections during certain years, or may 
be only on one man's farm where plant growth has been stunted. Clovers 
are sometimes held responsible for inflammation of the brain. 

Inflamation of the brain is often caused by certain acids deveoping 
in a given locality or field where plant growth has been stunted by 
drouth or frost, notable for this is second growth cane and drouth stricken 
corn stalks. 

SYMPTOMS 

The symptoms of inflamation of the brain from any of the above 
causes are inseperable. The symptoms may be those of mental excite- 
ment particularly noticeable when the attendant enters the stall. 

When the symptoms of mental excitement are outstanding the horse 
usually does not live long. Where mixed symptoms or symptoms of de- 
pression are outstanding the outcome of the case is more favorable. 

Symptoms of mental disturbance are loss of appetite refuses to be 
led and often throws himself when the attendant pulls on the rope or 
flings himself recklessly against the wall. At intervals the horse may go 
into a stupor. The organs of swallowing and the tongue may be useless. 
After 8 to 10 hours the horse has difficulty in standing and may fall to 
the ground expressing serious uneasiness and arising only with difficulty. 
The uneasiness while down some what diminishes as the case advances 
and persistent effort does not result in the horse regaining his feet. The 
horse presists in turnng only one way and can often be backed into places 



58 Treatment of Forage Poisoning 

they can not be led. The pupils of the horses eyes are dilated, that is 
they are spread out or enlarged. 

In the depressed form of the disease the appetite is not entirely lost, 
but the horse presists in eating unwholesome food such as bedding dung 
etc. in preference to pure food. The horse may go into a stupor* of a few 
hours duration at first and from which he can be aroused but the stupor 
each succeeding time gets longer and more intense. The pupils become 
enlarged and a staring look is expressed from the eyes. The horse is 
restless between stupors or even frantic. The gait is staggering and it 
may be necessary for the horse to run to catch himself from falling. 
They lean against fences, walls, sides of buildings, etc. The sleepy stu- 
por is not a natural sleep but portions of the eyes are usually exposed. 
In the acute form often the horse dies in less than 36 hours. While in 
the depressed form the horse may recover or live several weeks. It is 
not uncommon to find varying degrees of these symptoms mixed from 
slight to extreme symptoms. The mortality' is about 80 per cent. 

TREATMENT 

When the disease is prevalent in the community do not feed the 
grain of forage causing it. If the horse will eat, feed him bran, fiil 
meal or green unstunted fodders. 

If the horse is able to swallow, a good physic is usually given first. 

In this disease the bowels are hard to move. Give 

Barbadoes aloin 6 drams (6 teaspoonsful) 

Calomel 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) 

Give the above in a capsule or molasses bran ball, repeat in 3 days 

From 6 to 8 hours after giving the physic inject with a hollow needle 
syringe one of tlie following under the skin of the shoulder in 1 to 2 
teaspoonsful of water. 

Arecoline 1 (one) grain or Eserine % to 1 grain or 

Pilocarpine 2 to 3 grains. 

The above drugs gave the best results out in Kansas when forage 
poisoning was so prevalent. Do not repeat any under 24 hours and then 
only when the animal is not improved. In fact a few cases taken in 
time recovered. 

Puncture of the spinal card between the 3rd and 4th vertebra or 
back of the 5th with a long hollow sterilized trocar has proven beneficial 
in human medicine and deserves attention in inflamation with horses. 



Over-Heating 59 



HEAT STROKE 

{Sun Stroke) 

Heat stroke is caused by the horse becoming too warm while at work 
and is usually called sunstroke by farmers, but horses do not necessarily 
have to be worked till too warm to have a sunstroke if we were to stay 
absolutely in the bounds of veterinary medicine. 

Heat stroke is far more frequent among farmers and I will deal 
chiefly with that distress. Heatstroke is an affliction of the brain. In the 
north half of the United States I have observed that the attacks come 
during only 3 or 4 of the hottest days of the summelr. Usually on such 
days no breeze blows to carry the body heat away from the horse 
therefore by extra care on such days practically all cases can be avoided 
yielding high compensation to the horse owner. 

There is nothing as efficient to keep the body temperature of the 
horse normal on a hot day as plenty of cool water to drink every 2 or 3 
hours. Your first thought will be, "How foolish to water a horse every 
2 or 3 hours" but when once tried and you see how much cooled the 
horse keeps and how thery appreciate it a barrel will be taken to the 
fields on hot days. There can be no work done that will enable the 
horse to stand more work in hot weather. I have tried this and standing 
in the shade and I know it is far superior to idling much time away in 
the shade. 

Heatstroke is less likely to happen if horses are watered frequently 
for water reduces the body temperature. 

A horse that fails to sweat freely is more subject to heatstroke than 
one that prespires freely. Sweat is only one way of reducing the body 
temperature. 

SYMPTOMS 

Warning is given by horses in all cases before heatstroke occurs. 
The warning consists of labored breathing, twitching of the muscles, 
laying back of the ears and lagging. 

As the attack approaches the horse may break out in excessive hot or 
cold sweat, assume a staggering or wabbling gait, drop the head and 
ears and may fall to the ground. The pupils of the eye get smaller but 
later enlarge. The mortality is near 60 per cent. Attacks seem to par- 
alize the sweat glands hence a horse once over heat is much more likely 
to a reoccurence of the trouble. 



60 Snake Bites 



TREATMENT 

Either build a shade over the effected horse or remove them to shade 
as quickly as possible but do not shut off the air. 

A spray of cold water at first applied very slowly and sparingly 
should be applied to the head, the top of the neck or along the spine. 
The more severe the case the more gradual the increase should be before 
a stream can be run on the head, top of the neck and spine. If the pulse 
weakens inject every 20 minutes 14 dram (14 teaspoonful) of camphor 
under the skin of the neck with a hollow needle syringe. 

Allow the horse to inhale small amounts of camphor. Bathe the 
head between and back of ears with it. Feed the horse flour gruels., 
bran and light feeds for a few days. 



SNAKE BITES 

Stock are quite frequently bitten by snakes while grazing in open 
pastures. The bites are more frequent on the legs, lips and throat since 
they are the parts closest to the ground. Such a wound may cause puss 
to form or the poison of the bite may be absorbed by the animal and 
cause its death. A snake bite is soft to the touch giving away when the 
pressure of the hand is applied. Such a swellng is not well defined. 
I'pon close examination the prints of the fangs of the snake may be seen. 
Horses and cattle so effected may show no other symptoms, but when 
the poison is having a serious effect on the body, the animal becomes 
dull and weak. The breathing is difficult and the mucous membrane of- 
ten becomes blue. 

The seriousness of the case depends on the kind and size of the 
snake inflecting the wound. The larger the snake the more poison they 
will inject. If the attendant is present at the time the animal is bitten, 
the best plan is to take a clean knife and cut out the portion of the flesh 
affected before the poison is absorbed by the blood. Such a wound made 
by the removal of flesh should be washed with potassium permangnate 
iodine or other disinfectant and bandaged with cotton. The removal 
of a portion of the flesh is not always practical, in that case a rubbe)r 
ligature should be lightly stretched around the leg. If stretched too 



Snake Bites 



61 




A good method to check circulation in bleeding or snake bites. 



tight the leg will get cold and if too loose the poison of the bite 
will have unretarded circulation into the system and the ligature 
will do no good. This ligature should always be placed around the limb 
between the bite and the heart. The object of retarding the circulation 
is to prevent the animal from getting too large a dose of snake poison in 
a given period- There is an antivenomous serum on the market for hu- 
man beings 10 c. c. is a dose for an adult. This serum used in doses in 
proportion to the body weight has given good service in veterinary prac- 
tice. That is to say if 10 c. c. was a dose for a 150 pound man, 60 to 70 
cubic centimeters would be a dose for a 1000 pound animal. This pro- 
duct is kept by many druggists. Chlorinated lime 15 grains, (14 tea- 
spoonful) dissolved in 2 ounces, (4 tablespoonsful) of water and all of 
it injected in the tissue under the skin with a hollow needle sylringe will 
neutralize the poison of the snake. These injections should be made in 
several places surrounding the bite. The sooner action is taken with 
snake bites the more certain you are of results. 



62 How TO Detect Inferior Eyes 

EXAMINATION OF THE HORSES EYES 

Eyes are almost as essential to the maflce up of a good horse as a 
pair of legs and yet scores of people are deceived every year in the eyes 
of horses. To test a horses eyes do not throw the hand towafrds the 
horse's eye as if you were g'oing to slap them in the eye with the palm 
of the hand. Such a process causes a breeze and a horse entirely blind 
is usually sensitive to such warnings and might respond by blinking the 
eye. The propar way is to turn the palm of the hand toward the earth 
ancl with the thumb and index finger drawn gently towards the eye no 
breeze does not fan the horse and one can determine whether or not the 
horse is able to see. 

However the above is not an infallible test of the eye. The horse 
may be able to see the movement of the hand and still have very de- 
fective eye sight. Cloudiness may be sufficient that an observer can 
detect it in bright sunlight, however I have know of horses that were 
completely blind, being sold to long experienced horse buyers when the 
eyes were examined in bright sunlight. To make a thorough examination 
take the horse to a stable where the sunlight is shut off from above 
and the sides. Then by having a door open in front of the horse (pre- 
ferably one that does not admit sunlight) the observer is able to detect 
blue cloudiness if there is any. If the stable is too dark an artifical 
light may be used. All poirtions of a horses eye should be clear, free 
from cloudiness and not indefinite or blue in outline. 

THE HAW OF THE EYE (Membrane Nictitaus) 
This membrane is not always noticed by an observer and when 
first noticed by some people they believe an abnormal growth is coming 
over the eye. One may be prone to take the advice of an uninformed 
person and resort to the cruel measures of pulling it out or otherwise 
disposing of it. This membrane can be seen on any normal horse with 
good eyes by pressing in on both the upper and lower eyelids and at 
the same time hold them apart. 

Anything causing the eyeball to sink into the head will cause the 
membrane to become more distinct. It is situated when at rest in the 
corner of the eye closest to the horses nose. When in use it is to remove 
foreign particles from the eye it sweeps back from this corner over the 
eyeball. In lock jaw, (tetanus) the cartlidge covers a large portion of 
the eye continuously, probably due to the sinking of the eyeballs into the 
head. 



Inflammation of the Eyelids 63 

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYELIDS 

Inflamation is caused by irritating the eye. It is sometimes due to 
foreign particles in the eyes as chaff, thorns, particles of steel, etc. Some- 
times it is due to a bruise sustained while struggling in sickness. 

Inflammation may be due to a blow from a whip, too tight a collar 
interfering with the circulation of the blood may cause inflammation of 
the eye-lid. The use of low, damp pastures or the approach of another 
disease as opthalmia may cause it. 

SYMPTOMS 

Swelling of the lids may be sufficient to cover the entire eye-ball. 
Tears run down the cheek leaving a waxy dirty path. The eye forms 
more or less gray dirty matter. When the eye-lid is rolled over a pencil 
inflammation of the lid and white portion of the eye are to be seen and 
little nodules about the size of a pin head may be present on the inner 
surface of the lid. 

TREATMENT 

Since this trouble is usually caused by irritants first examine the 
eye for foreign particles and if any are present remove them. The in- 
flamation can be reduced by keeping the eye packed in cold packs fre- 
quently renewed to keep moist, in the following solution. 
Sugar of Lead (1 level teaspoonful) 1 dram 
Gum camphor (1 level teaspoonful) 1 dram 
1 quart of previously boiled clean rain water. 
In connection with the above 3 or 4 times daily drop a few drops 
of the following in the eye. Place in a tea cup 3 rounding teaspoonsful 
of boric acid, moisten and work to a stiff dough. Add enough water to 
make one pint of the solution. If sugar of lead and camphor is not 
available a boric acid pack may be used. 

Following is a good eye wash to cool, heal, soothe and reduce in- 
flamation in most any kind of eye trouble. Apply two or three times 
daily with a glass medicine dropper^ 
Glycerine, 12 drams 
Paregoric, 2 drams 
Lead Acetate, 20 grains. 
Allowing a horse to eat feed out of a low manger or off of the 
ground induces excess blood to the head and hinders progress in reduc- 



64 Moon Blindness 



ing the swelling. When nodules are present on the lid they should be 
painted with a two per cent silver nitrate solution twice a day. This 
can be applied with a small feather and glass rod. Pulling the eye- 
lashes when examining the eye-lids is inducive to inflamation and should 
be avoided. 

MOON BLINDNESS 

(Opthalrnia) 

The cause of this disease has not been established. Some believe 
it to be caused by irriti^tions of the eye as a blow from a whip or by 
foreign matter in the eye. Some believe it hereditary. I do not be- 
lieve this is a hereditary disease, I believe it is the result of the trans- 
mission from the parent to the off-spring, a pair of weak eyes, which 
make the off-spring more susceptible or more capable of developing 
opthalmia. I have seen horses with opthalrnia when all their ancestors 
for a number of generations were free from the disease. In a large 
numlier of cases of opthalmia the horses have been over-worked or 
worked when in poor condition, or been forced to exposure, or to irri- 
tant or poisonous substances, among such substances I would mention, 
weed pollen, excessive pulling, dust, blows with whips or foreign parti- 
cles in the eye. Compelling a horse to stand daily with direct sunlight 
shining in the eye predisposes to eye troubles. 

SYMPTOMS 

The eye-lids are swollen and the horse often keeps the eyes parti- 
ally or entirely closed in an effort to break the rays of light. This 
disease almost without exception effects only one eye at a time, but be- 
fore many weeks the other eye becomes effected. 

Some cases gradually get worse and periodic recoveiry never follows, 
other cases apparently get well for a period only to receive a second at- 
tack leaving much worse results than the first. Some cases develop a 
distinct cloudiness in the beginning but in some cases cloudiness is hard 
to detect in the open sunlight until subsequent attacks. Some hoirses are 
able to see where they are going foj- years, while some lose the sight in 
a few weeks. The eyes eventually become a watery, milky white. 

TREATMENT 

This disease is incurable. When it is treated a mild physic is 
given, darkened stalls and a cooling and soothing solution such as 3 



Honey Combing of the Bones 65 



teaspoonfuls of boric acid moistened and worked to a stiff dough and 
sufficient water added to make one pint of solution. A portion is ap- 
plied about 3 times daily, by use of a glass medicine dropper. 

WATERING OF THE EYE OR OBSTRUCTION 
OF LACHRYMAL OPENING 

Tears of the eye serve a double purpose, first they keep the mem- 
brane of the eye moist, second they serve to aid in the removal of for- 
eign matter from the eye. 

The tears are formed by glands situated above the eye flow down over 
the eye and escape through an opening situated in the innermost corner 
of the eye. This opening empties into the nostril cavity by means of a 
small duct or canal which sometimes becomes clogged with muco pur lent 
matter. 

TREATMENT 

Feeding of warm bran mashes or similar feeds from which steam 
is escaping out of a nose bag is often all that is necessary to open the 
passage way. Eye washes as previously described may aid in the treat- 
ment of such a case. Mentholatum rubbed up in the nostrils aids in 
many cases. However it may be necessary to open up the canal by 
means of a silver probe in the most obstinate cases. 

BIG HEAD, HONEY COMBING OF THE 

BONES 

{Osteomalacia) 

CAUSES 

This is a disease that is found chiefly in the Atlantic and Southern 
States. It is caused by a deficiency of chiefly lime and phosphorous in 
the make up of the bones. 

SYMPTOMS 

At first the horse shows lameness which may be mistaken for mus- 
cular rheumatism or muscular lameness. Lameness of the back is evi- 
denced. These symptoms may not be noticed and the enlargement of the 
bones of the head and chest may be the first symptoms noticed. Upon 



66 Honey Combing of the Bones 



examination it will be discovered the bones give when pressure is ap- 
plied with the fingers. The disease effects all bones of the body and 
particullarly those of the head, chest, ribs, vertebra and legs. If a 
horse rares or falls it often results in tearing a muscle loose from its 
attachment to the bone or may break the bones of the legs, head or ribs. 
Gallie 17 

TREATMENT 

Treatment consists chiefly in feeding the horse foods rich in those 
elements (lime and phosphorous) which the bones lack. Such feeds 
as leguminous hay, pea hay, bean hay and clovers. Othetr feeds rich in 
lime and phosphorous are bran, oats, and linseed meal. There is noth- 
ing any better than cotton seed meal, if fed sparingly and not longer than 
60 days. Do not feed too much or the horse will go off of feed for 
a few feeds. A change in drinking to well water is much desired since 
the lime content is usually higher in well water. Feed a tablespoonful 
of macerated bone meal in the feed three times daily. If it is impossi- 
ble to obtain macerated meal feed a tablespoonful of calcium phosphate 
in each feed. 



Location of Various Diseases 



67 




Location of Various Diseases of the Horse 



1 


Poll Evil. 


2 


Sit Fast. 


3 


Fistula. 


4 


Prolapse of Rectum, 


5 


Capped Hock. 


6 


Thoroughpin. 


7 


High and Low Ring Bone 


8 


Spavin. 


9 


Stifle. 


10 


Side Bones. 


11 


Quittor. 


12 


Splint. 


13 


Wind Puff. 


14 


Shoe Boil. 


15 


Swenney. 



16 Facial Stone Calculi. 



68 Spavin, Ring-Bone and Splints 



A BLEMISH AND UNSOUNDNESS 

A blemish on a horse is something that, mars the beauty but does not 
detract from the usefulness of the individual. Such injuries as wire 
cuts are in this class. An unsoundness detracts from the usefulness of 
the horse, among these we have defective sight, spavins, etc. 

BONE SPAVIN, RING BONE AND SPLINTS 

Bone Spavin may come either on the inside or outside of the 
hock joint. 

Ring Bone may come on the pastern bone, above or below it. 
Splint comes either on the inner or outer surface of the cannon bone. 

These three diseases can well be considered under one head for 
the following reasons. 

I All are bony enlargements. 

H All make the horse go lame. 

III Thehorse may be made to go sound on any of them. 

IV All are caused by a bruise or inherited weakness. 

V All receive the same medical treatment. 

These diseases are not directly transmitted from parent to off-spring. 
However, parents lacking size or quality, or proper shape of bone will 
transmit that characteristic favorable to the development of such diseases 
Excessive strains while pulling under slippery footing or over loading 
usually is the direct cause of these diseases. However, ring bone may be 
caused by a sprain or develop on a horse that has previously received 
a barb wire cut in the pastern joint. 

TREATMENT 

Give the horse 4 to 6 weeks rest in an open pasture. As soon as 
the disease is noticed, treatment should begin to prevent further bony 
enlargement and to enable the horse to go sound. We can not hope to 
elimenate all of the bony enlargement but we can keep the horse from 
going lame. The sooner treatment is given the smaller will be the 
permanent bony enlargement. In mild to moderate cases any of the fol- 
lowing should accomplish the desired results. Apply to the swelling: 

Red Iodide of Mercury 1 part 

Lard 6 parts 



Or 



Spanish Fly 1 part 
Lard 6 parts. 



Side Bones 69 

Apply either of tlie above every second or third day until 3 applica- 
tions are given or the enlargement is well blistered. The more you 
rub them] the better they will blister. Hot water applied before a blister 
and rubbed in intensifies any blister. 

If either of the above fail to make the horse go sound two weeks 
after treated you probably have failed to stop bony enlargement and 
a portion of the following lineament should be rubbed on the enlarge- 
ment. 

Never give internally. 

Oil of Sassafras, 2 ounces 

Turpentine, 4 ounces. 

Raw Oil, 4 ounces 

Croton Oil, 1/^ ounce 
Moisten the bony enlargement with a portion of the lineament and 
rub in. Do this twice during 24 hours, and repeat in 8 days if the horse 
still goes lame. Some people object to this lineament because it >ficn 
removes some of the hair, but otherwise it will not harm a horse in any 
way. The removal of hair is far preferable to a spavin or ring bone. 

I have met with such good results in curing the lameness caused by 
such diseases, that I very seldom use anything else. In the case of a 
spavin where the lineament will run down on the leg, clip the hair and 
apply vaseline. If the hair is not clipped it will hold the vaseline "'vay 
from the skin and the lineament will remove a streak of hair unneces- 
sarily. 

SIDE BONES 

There is a cartilage situated immediately above the hind quarters 
of the front hoof, on the inside of each quarter. When these cartilages 
are hard and firm and immovable with the thumb and forefin'^c;.- ihey 
are known as side bones. 

Horses possessing straight pastern bones and straight shoulders 
which goes to make excess concussion in traveling are quite subject to 
this disease. However heavy hojrses with shoulders of the proper slope 
may develop the disease if hammered over frozen roads or hard pave- 
ments. It causes the horse to go lame particularly noticeable after they 
cool off or are led out of the stable in the mornings. 

They take short steps and travel in their feet much the same as in 
founder. 



70 Nail Punctures 



TREATMENT 

Apply cold water cloths alternated with clothes rung out of hot water 
for 45 minutes to 1% hours and apply the following every other day for 
two times. Rub in well. 
Spanish Fly, 1 part 
Lard, 7 parts 
The lineament prescribed for ring bone may be used for side bones 
with satisfactory fesults. 

SWENY 

(Wasting Away of the Muscles) 

This disease is more frequently found in the muscles of the scapula, 
however it may occur in the thick muscles of the hips. 

Sweny is usually caused by over-loading, the horse v/earing a 
collar that is too large, however it may result from the diseases of the 
feet causing the horse to walk unaturally. 

TREATMENT 

The horse should have a mild blister as 

Spanish Fly, 1 part 

Lard, 5 parts 
twice a week. The muscles effected should be rubbed by the hands twice 
daily. The horse should not be worked. It usually takes from three to 
seven weeks for recovery to take place and the muscles to fill in. The 
muscles will not fill in under continuous work, 

NAIL PUNCTURE 

The symptoms are not different to those of bruised or tender frog. 
However, the treatment should be thqrough. 

The nail wound is not uncommon on farms where pieces of boards 
etc. are not cleaned up and is by no means a matter to be in any way 
neglected. After removing the nail or other foreign particle the wound 
often closes up making it impossible to get germ killing drugs (antisep- 
tics) to penetrate to the base of the wound. When ever a nail wound 
is left without the drugs penetrating to the full depth the owner takes 
a chance of lock jaw or inflammation. 



Lameness 71 

TREATMENT 

Before attempting to do anything with the horse get the necessities 
ready. The necessities will consist of a solution of bichlorid of mercury 
water 1 to 500 or pure dip, pure turpentine, pure lysol or carbolic 
acid. In addition the following should be placed in a pan and boiled 
15 minutes, 1 sharp knife, a hypodermic syringe and blunt pointed needle. 
The blunt pointed hollow slender needle can be made by taking a hypo- 
dermic syringe needle and filing off the point, (see cut page 17, fig. 4.) 
Such needles and syringes are often used for putting vaccines, serums, 
and other drugs under the skin and should be kept on hand. 

Every thing ready take some warm water and soap and clean the 
dirt out of the horses foot before using the pincers to pull the nail. 

This is done to prevent dirt from falling into the hole made by tlie 
nail. 

After the nail is out with the syrnge and blunt pointed small needle 
force some good germ killing drug as tincture of iodine, bichloride of 
mercury, lysol, turpentine, etc. in the cavity being sure the drug reaches 
the bottom of the cavity. Do this 3 qr 4 times. The operation should 
be repeated for several days. Allowing a deep wound to close up when 
pus is forming inside causes pretty serious trouble and such should always 
be prevented. When such a case develops it is usually necessary to open 
the wound to the bottom and keep it washed out well with germ killing 
drugs. 

LAMENESS 

Lameness Due to Shedding or Bruising the Frog of the Foot 

At intervals a portion of the frog of the hqrses foot is replaced by 
new tissue. The new tissue is often quite tender or gets bruised and 
the closest observer can not tell whether the lameness is due to a nail or 
tender frog tissue until a thorough examination is made. Wlien the 
frog is effected they walk on the toe, have very little fever. The frog is 
sensitive to pressure and the shedding of old frog tissue can usually be 
seen. 

TREATMENT 
The foot should be thoroughly cleaned by the use of soap and warm 



72 Capped Hock, Knee and Elbow 

water. If ragged edges of the old frog are seen they should be Iriinmed 
away to make sure there is no nail or other foreign particles present. 
Turpentine should be applied a few times to reduce the soreness. 

SPRAIN BRUISES AND INFLAMMATION 

Sprains, bruises, etc. which are not in the location of established 
disease as ring bone, quittors^ fistulae etc. Sometimes occurs in the 
horse an example is rheumatism. 

When such inflantmation occurs, the affected part should be massaged 
by hand rubbing several times daily. 

Hot baths should be given such swellings twice daily by ringing hot 
cloths out of boiling water and apply as hot as the horse will stand 
them. Then apply a mild linement or mild blister as 1 part of Span- 
ish fly to 6 parts of lard. Bandage the inflammation not too tight in cot- 
ton. The bandaging of sprains, bruises, etc. in cotton has long been 
practiced among doctors and the public has believed it theory or to mys- 
tify, but such is not the case, it is based on good sound sense. The ob- 
ject in inflammation is to induce the blood to circulate in the effected 
part. Linement and bandaging in cotton, etc., all induce heat to the ef- 
fected part. Then the blood comes in an effort to equalize body tem- 
perature. The large amount of blood flowing through the effected 
part also purifies the part having inflammation in it and thereby re- 
duces swelling. 

Bathing, rubbing, or the application of lineaments have the same 
effect. Rubbing makes most linements more effective. 

CAPPED HOCK, CAPPED KNEE, CAPPED 

ELBOW 

These three diseases can well be considered under on head since 
they are all usually caused by a bruise, all result in swelling of the ef- 
fected joint which at first is blood and matter but may develop into pus. 

Capped hock is often caused by a presistant kicker hitting the hock 
against the side of the stall. Capped knee is often caused by a horse 
slipping and falling on the knee. Capped elbow or shoe boil is caused by 
the shoe irritating the elbow joint. The swelling may come on the ef- 
fected joint suddenly or be several days in developing. 

It is important to remove the cause. If the horse persists in kicking 



Firing and Blood Spavin 73 

try to remove the cause of irritation. If this can not be done it is well to 
pad the sides of the stall. 

If the horse has capped elbow and is shod and if it is possible to 
remove the shoes it is prudent to do so. Treatment should not be de- 
layed. A lump of blood and water is much easier to scatter than one 
of pus or fibrous tissue. 

My experience has led me to believe it is not wise to puncture such 
places over a joint, for a joint is easily infected. Due to the flexing of 
a joint such a wound is hard to heal. Most cases can be scattered when 
in the form of blood and water by the following: 
Spanish Fly, 1 part 
Lard, 5 parts. 
Apply every other day until scabs appear or the swelling is scattered. 
Rub in well. 

For more advanced cases the following is better 
Norway Tar, 4.5 parts 
Tannic Acid, 1 part. 
Apply the mixture to the swelling daily until removal of the hair. 

FIRING 

Firing is an old practice but with age it is one of the remedies 
that has not lost any of its efficiency. The practice is superior to the 
blister alone in such cases as ring bone, old sprains, side bones, all kinds 
of old spavins anb such diseases. The operation is not as qruel as some 
people are prone to believe, remember in firing that severity beyond 
limited degree does not increase the efficiency of the operation. 

The only object is to cause irritation to induce the blood to cir- 
culate in the diseased part. The firing points are heat to a white heat 
in alcohol flame and 15 to 20 punctures are made in the skin. Before 
performing the operation, clip the hair close. Apply a blister after 
firing as follows: 

Red Iodide of Mercury, 1 part 

Lard, 5 parts. 

BLOOD SPAVIN 

Blood spavin is a swelling on the inside of the hock, and give* way 
under pressure. The swelling occurs a little above the point of bog 



74 Shoulder Abscesses 



spavin. The swelling is filled with joint oil. If the case is taken in its 
earlier stage apply 

Spanish Fly, 1 part 

Lard, 5 parts. 

Rub in well- 
If the case is advanced firing may be necessary before the blister. 

BOG SPAVIN 

Bog spavin is a swelling containing joint oil and gives way under 
pressure. It is situated below the blood spavin on the upper forward and 
inner part of the hock joint. The treatment is the same as in blood 
spavin. 

THOROUGHPIN 

This occurs between the great tendon of the hock joint and above 
the hock proper. The Thorough Pin comes in the same place a beef 
is hung on the gamblin. The treatment is the same as in the Spavin. 

SHOULDER ABSCESSES 

Shoulder abscesses may be caused by a horse pulling side ways or 
by an ill fitting collar. 

Wlien authentic information is desired on any particular subject, 
we can do no better than to observe how some big concern solves the 
same problem. We can do no better than to take into consideration how 
concerns like circuses and packers, etc. that work large number of horses 
fit the collars and hames. 

They use no pads, but heavy draft, close fitting collars. I am of 
the opinion the farmers collars should fit even closer for his field work 
is of a lower draft since the single trees are hitched to tools closer to 
the ground than on wagons and a closer fitting collar helps to raise the 
draft olT of the point of the shoulder. I have had better results by work- 
ing the hame draft higher so as to take the load off of the point of the 
shoulder. I have had far better results by fitting the collar up as tight 
as it can be worn without choking the horse in the spring, then by the 
time the horse shrinks after a few days work it will be loose enough 
that the top of the neck will not get sore. There is not much , danger 



Shoulder Abscesses 75 



of sore necks in the early spring work for there is usually not much 
weight on the neck. 

TREATMENT 

Shoulder abscesses are enlargements on the shoulder that contain at 
first blood and water but later pus forms and is surrounded by hard fi- 
brous tissue. Often a tighter fitting collar can be used, the draft of the 
hames raised and work continued with the horse until the rush work of 
the season is over. Improvement will be hastened by painting such ab- 
scesses twice daily with a mixture of 

2 ounces (4 tablespoonsful) of tincture of iodine 

6 ounces (12 tablespoonsful) of extract of witch-hazel 

In cases that are more advanced and disappear when the horse is at 
rest only to appear when the horse returns to work, probably the best 
method is to remove the fibrous tissue with the knife or by the use 
of a caustic. I prefer the latter since it does more perfect work and 
heals much faster, according to my observation and experience. 

Copper sulphate (blue stone) is the most common caustic used to 
eat out fibrous tissue. A lance should be inserted into the lump from 
above until the cavity is reached and the pocket filled with all the blue 
stone it will hold. In 48 hours refill the cavity with blue stone. In 
from 5 to 10 days the fibrous tissue will be loose and must be removed. 
After it is removed open the cavity at the lowest point and place in it 
a rubber tube and leave it there as long as pus runs out. If a rubber 
tube is not inserted it will heal up on the outside and pus will have no 
outlet and the work will not be successful. 



76 





^'M 



(The horses foot is held up by a strong harness breast strap, a 
safe method to use in treating wire cuts, etc.) 

GALDED OR CHAFFED SHOULDERS 

Be sure the collar fits snug, is clean, smooth and dry. Men use 
their collars too large to prevent chaffing. Bathe the shoulders at 
noon and night with soft water to which has been added one rounding 
teaspoonful of salt to the pint. 

The colts shoulders should be toughened before work starts by add- 
ing 1/2 ounce (3 level teaspoonsful) of tannic acid to 1 gallon of water 
and bathing them twice daily. 

Wben shoulders become chaffed I prefer to use a drying powder hav- 
ing carbolic acid, iodine or iodoform in them. Such dusting powders 
are for sale by most drug stores. Fresh air slacked lime is very good 
since it has a drying and antiseptic effect. 

If an ointment is preferred a very good one can be made by mixing 
together, 

1 dram (1 level teaspoonful) of iodoform 

1 dram (3 teaspoonfuls) of tannic acid 

1 dram (2 teaspoonfuls) of boric acid 

1 ounce (2 rounding tablespoonfuls) of vaseline 



Barb Wire Cuts 77 



SITFAST 

This is a dead horn like slough ordinarily found connected up with 
the deep muscles of the neck under the top of the collar, causing the 
horse a great deal of irritation They are caused by the mane being im- 
deir the collar, too heavy a load on the neck with a tight collar or for- 
eign substance such as cockle burrs working under the top of the collar. 
Often they are indefinite in outline and a flaxseed poultice will make 
the outline distinct. 

Place in a mason fruit jar some finely powdered blue stone. Pour 
warm water over it and stir every few hours. Pour a small amount of 
this around the sit-fast and in a very few days it can be puljled loose from 
its attachment to the deep muscles and dusting powders applied to induce 
healing. 

BARB WIRE CUTS 

Bairb wire cuts are usually caused by improperly stretched wire. 
A wound of the flesh never should be allowed to heal over on the outer 
surface before it has healed inside. If it heals on the outside before it 
heals inside, pus may be shut up in the wound without drainage and 
gangrene or blood poison be the result. If bleeding is severe, the 
blood may be induced to stop by finding the cut artery and tieing it 
with a cord or clamping it with the artery forceps, (see page 17, fig. 9.) 

A strap twisted with a stick or a rubber ligature (See cut of instru- 
ments on (page 17, fig. 5) between the wound and the heart will often 
stop bleeding. Packing the wound full of cotton will often stop bleed- 
ing. A healthy horse can lose as much as 6 quarts of blood without 
serious disadvantage. 

After bleeding has stopped, remove any foreign matter in the wound 
and wash it with a good dip, iodine, or carbolic acid water solution. 
Clip the ragged edges with a clean pair of shears and draw the edges 
of the wound together and sew with cobbler's thread doubled a number 
of times and well waxed with bees-wax or rosin or prepared cat-gut 
thread may be bought at drug stotres. In sewing up such a wound at 
the lowest point, leave an opening for the escape of pus. If the wound 
swells much you probably have not sufficient drainage and it may be 
necessary to clip a stitch and run the finger back into the wound and 
wash it again with iodine. I usually fill such a wound before sewing 
with a good antiseptic dusting powder which can be secured at drug 



78 Fly Blow, Maggots 



stores cheaper than it can be made. If the stitches tear out, make a 
new one close by. An efficient dusting powder may be made as follows. 
Gallic 20 

Lime Sulphate, 3 parts 

Lead Acetate, 3 parts 

Carbolic Acid, 3 parts 

Starch, 90 parts. 
A good healing solution is as follows: 

Balsm Firrh, 2 ounces (4 tablespoonsful) 

Alcohol, 8 ounces (16 tablespoonsful) 

Tincture assafoetida, 2 ounces (4 tablespoonfuls) 
Apply 2 times daily. 

White lotion is often used for open flesh wounds. It is made by 
combining 

Lead Acetate, 1 ounce (2 tablespoonsful) 
Zinc Sulphate, 6 drams (6 teaspoonsful) 
Water, 1 pint 
Apply 2 times daily. 
For a fresh open wound nothing is better than to paint it with 
tincture of iodine. 

If a wound as barb wire cut stops healing and proud flesh begins to 
develop, paint it with silver nitrate solution daily until the growth 
of proud flesh is checked. See "Proud Flesh." 

FLY BLOW 

"Maggots" 

The blow fly is a great enemy of open wounds during warm 
summer months. The eggs are laid in the wound by the blow fly 
and develop a maggot or larvae in a few days which lives on the tissue 
of the animal. If attention is not given such cases they may eat to the 
vital organ as the brain or intestines and death follow. 

TREATMENT 

In most wounds the maggot can be removed by the hand or with a 
wooden splinter, however, where there is any doubt about the thorough- 
ness of the job, pure gasoline can be poured in the cavity wthout inju{ry 
to the wound. Maggots will die in a very few seconds if kept in gaso- 



Burns, Proud Flesh 79 



line. A good formulae for keeping the fly from depositing the egg is 

Pine tar, 14 V^^^ 

Creolin, 4 drams, (4 teaspoonsful.) 
The creolin and pine tar should be swabbed on the wound every 
24 to 48 hours to keep the fly from depositing her eggs. 

BURNS 

In case fire burns are inflicted to live stock, mix together equal parts 
of 

Raw linseed oil 
Bees wax 

Boil these two until they thoroughly mix aft^r which add one half 
the volume of cream. Apply to the burns and bandage with heavy 
woolen clotlis. In case these elements can not be obtained flour or pul- 
verized starch may be used but the former is much better since it in- 
duces healing and will not leave a sca^. The main object in burns is 
to keep the air away and do not remove the skin of any blisters that 
may form. 

PROUD FLESH 

Proud flesh is caused by the improper healing of a wound as a 
barb wire cut. If an old case it is often necessary to peel the abnormal 
tissue off" with a knife and apply silver nitrate or luna caustic. Luna 
caustic is silver nitrate run into sticks. Burn it back until sufficiently 
reduced. Copper sulphate may be applied to reduce proud flesh. After 
the abnormal tissue is reduced then healing can be induced by applying 
dusting powders or the following 2 times daily. 

Lead Acetate, 1 ounce (2 tablespoonsful) 

Zinc Sulphate, 6 drams (6 teaspoonsful) 

Water, 1 pint. 
The above is known as white lotion and sells for about .75 cents a 
pint at drug stores. 

FISTULA, POLL EVIL AND QUITTORS 

The word fistula is derived from the latin meaning a pipe like organ, 
hence the name may be applied properly to any soft swelling on the 
external surface of the body which is connected by pipes or tubes to some 
internal body cavity. Since a high per cent of the cases come on work 



80 Fistula, Poll Evil, and Quittors 

horses rather than unbroke fillies and geldings, I have formed the con- 
clusion that a very large per cent of the cases are preventable by good 
horsemanship. Heavy halters and the hitting of the poll by pulling back 
on the halter undoub'tly cause a large per cent of the cases of poll-evil. 

My observation has led me to believe that no small per cent of the 
fistula of the withers is caused by continually morning after morning 
throwing the hairness hames on the withers of the horse instead of 
holding to the harness and quietly placing them on the horse. It is 
very common to see men let the tongue hit the harses foot when releas- 
ing the neck yoke. Nothing could be better to cause a quittor on the 
foot. 

The above ways are not thej only ways these diseases are likely to be 
formed but in my opinion they are among the more common causes. 
Anything that bruises the poll, withers oT foot may cause fistula of that 
portion of the body. 

Horses with unusually high or thick withers are much more sub- 
ject to fistula than horses with low or thin withers. Purchases and 
breeding should be made to prevent the thick and high withered horse, 
fistula, poll-evil and such diseases. 

TREATMENT 

In most communities there are men who claim to cure horses with 
Fistula, Poll-Evil and such diseases. A horse that is just taking it often 
looks cheap to such veterinarians when priced at half price and where 
such sales are made there are Very few regrets on the part of the seller 
for often it takes a period of months to cure or the hors^ is left with bad 
wethers after treatment. 

If cases are taken when they first appear they can often be scattered 
with the following formulae. Clip all hair off of the swelling and 
below it where the lineament is likely to run. After clipping rub a 
good thick smear of vaseline over where you do not want the lineamient 
to run down and effect the hair. 

Bathe the swelling with alternate hot and cold clothes for 30 minutes. 
Apply a portion of the following and rub it some. 



Fistula, Poll Evil and Quittors 81 

Oil of sassafras, 2 ounces 
Turpentine, 4 ounces 
Raw oil, 4 ounces 
Croton oil, I/2 ounce. 

Apply from 2 to 5 times 12 hours apart. Omit then till the swelling 
begins to come back, if more swelling appears, rub vaseline over the 
part to protect and app y the liniment as often as the swelling starts 
to reappear. This treatment, if taken at the start of the case cures 
from 30 to 40 per cent of the cases. 

If the above liniment fails the horse will probably have the poll- 
evil, fistula, or quittor from 8 months to 3 years. Many cases even- 
tually get well of their own accord. Sometimes an operation where by 
all the fibrous tissue is removed is successful in old cases. 

There is a poly bacterin on the market for fistula cases for sale by 
drug houses, (see last pages of this book). If treatment is undertaken a 
purchase is sometimes beneficial. It is injected under the skin. Such 
products can sometimes be purchased through the local druggist. 

In fistula cases of poll-evil, quittors and fistula of withers one 
treatment is to search out all the tubes with a probe after they break, and 
fill them with as much blue stone as they wi 1 hold. 

Then clip all the hair where the drug will run down on it and put 
on a good coat of vaseline to prevent the hair from being removed. In 
5 to 10 days remove the fibrous tissue from the cavity and make the 
opening outward at the lowest part of the cavity and keep it open so the 
pus will have opportunity to drain out. 

Cleanse .the cavity the first 3 or 4 days with a weak solution of 
carbolic acid water and wa§h daily with white lotion (only) after 
10 days made as follows. 

Lead Acetate, 1 ounce 
Zinc Sulphate, 6 drams 
Water, 1 pint. 

The drainage opening must be kept from healing by placing a small 
tube or coarse string in it and working it every 2 or 3 days. Tie ihe 
horses head to keep him from gnawing the wound after the drug is 
placed in, wash it with white lotion from the time the tubes are removed. 



82 Scratches 

Beck's Ointment has given satisfactory results in advanced cases of 
fistula. 

The formulae is melted and allowed to cool so it can be used in a 
syringe, and the cavities refilled with it twice a week, k consists of: 
Bismuth sub-nitrate, 6 drams 
White Wax, 1 dram 
Vaseline, II/2 ounces 
Soft Paraffin, 1 dram. 
Boil and mix and keep in a clean Mason fruit jar. 

I am of the opinion that most fistula cases are very deep seated 
before they make any outward swelling. At least cases cut open where 
first noticed often have fibrous tissue comparetively deep seated for this 
reason it is quite hard to reduce them with a lineament and if such cases 
can be sold for half value to some one that can cure them it is a lot of 
daily work saved for 6 months or more. 

SCRATCHES-GREASE 

These are two separate diseases but differ greatly in location. The 
causes, effect and treatment in a large measure is the same. 

CAUSES 

Ovefeeding on grain, unwholesome foods, close hot dirty stables 
where horse stands in urine and ammonia and the same irritates the 
legs and where the horse is in ' contact with limestone dust. In fact 
anything that irritates the glands of secretion of the legs may cause 
scratches. Some give disorders of the kidneys, intestines and liver as 
causes of scratches. 

SYMPTOMS 

The glands from the hoof to the knee that are in the skin for the 
purpose of secreting oil form inflammation and later scabs form with a 
very offensive secretion and the hair may fall out. 

TREATMENT 

Wash the effected part of the leg with a 1-500 solution of bichloride 
of mercury obtainable at any drug store. Bichloride of mercury is a 



Piles 83 

deadly poison so either destroy or place these tablets and any water con- 
taining them where no one or no animal can get them. After washing 
the sores rub them well with vaseline and in 3 days apply white lotion 
as follows: 

Lead Acetate, 1 ounce (2 tablespoonsful) 

Zinc Sulphate, 6 drams (6 teaspoonsful) 

Water, 1 pint. 
Shake well before using. If any of the causes for the disease given 
are present remove them. It may be the feed or the stable. 

THRUSH OF THE FOOT 

This disease is caused by a parasite that thrives in filth, such as is 
found in damp filthy stables. 

SYMPTOMS 

Thrush is a disease that usually works on the tissue of one foot at a 
time. In the gelding or stallion it is more often found in the front 
feet. In the mare it is found more often in the rear hoofs due to the posi- 
tion of the urine. There is a watery secretion given off from the frog 
of the foot. The tissues are swollen and dark colored. The fluid dries 
to a cherry mass after its escape. Sometimes the first noticeable symp- 
toms is a very offensive odor, due to rotting of the frog, horn and sole. 

TREATMENT 

Cleanse the part with corrosive sublimate water 1-500. Corrosive 
sublimate is a most deadly poison and too much care can not be taken 
to prevent pills or water from being taken inwardly. 

After thoroughly washing the parts melt tar and blue stone together 
and apply to the effected parts daily until improvement develops. I 
had good results by using powdered blue stone alone for several days. 

PROLAPSE OF THE RECTUM OR PILES 

This may be caused by feeding coarse fodders or excessive straining. 

TREATMENT 

Place the horse on a laxative diet and limit the amount of feed to 



84 Lice 

such feeds as mashes and linseed meal. Sprinkle the effected oygan 
with sugar. After a few minutes the organ can be pressed back in place 
by the fingers. 

Then take a deep stitch across the opening of the anus (not too tight) 
and keep it in place several days. Then cut the stitch and the rectum 
will usually stay in place. 

LICE 

Lice are more often found on the poll along the mane, and at the 
base of the tail. The hair gets shaggy, the horse loses flesh and carries 
a disagreeable odor. 

TREATMENT 

Take the horse away from the barn and curry him removing the hair 
to a fire. 

Most generally these horseis are noticed in warm spring days and if 
the weather permits they can be washed with any good dip used at the rate 
of 1 gallon to 30 of water. If the weather is cold Persian insect powder 
will give good results or melted lard and coal oil mixed may be rubbed 
over the effected parts. 



85 



CATTLE DEPARTMENT 
IMPACTION OF THE FIRST STOMACH 

{'^''Overloading of the Paunch''') 

CAUSES 

Overloading of the paunch is caused by the animals gorging them- 
selves on a food which they highly appreciate, as when an animal gets to a 
grain bin or in a corn field. It may be caused by a sudden change of 
diet as from fodder to a rich pasture. 

SYMPTOMS 

The animal may ctr:!:e at the belly with the hind legs, lay down but 
then soon rise again, arch the back, look around to the hind flank, extend 
the nose, froth saliva from the mouth and even try to vomit. The ab- 
domen increases in circumference and the animal often flinches when 
pressure is applied to tlie paunch. Such animals exhibit signs of un- 
easiness. 

TREATMENT 

Above all things do not permit an animal that has eaten a gorge of 
green corn or grain to have water for at least 24 hours. Give all the 
salt they will eat. Nine times out of ten the animals will recover from 
any ordinary gorge without farther treatment. If an animal gets water 
nine times out of ten some of them will have to have attention if they 
have gorged. Do not feed for 24 hours, or till improvement is made 
and give the following in case they need attention. 



86 Dry Murrain 



The Nux Vomica should be repeated every hour. 

Epsom or Glaubers Salts I14 to 2 pounds. 
Oil of Turpentine 2 ounces (4 tablespoonsful). 
Tr. Nux Vomica 11/^ drams {lYo teaspoonsful). 
Water sufficient to dissolve the salts. 

The nbove is for 1000 pound live weiglit and can be repeated in 
8 to 12 hours giving turpentine once in 24 hours. 

In drenching the cow do not throw the head higher than necessary 
as it causes difficult swallowing and may cause strangulation or go to 
the lungs and cause pneumonia. 

If the paunch becomes distended with gas tliis may be let out with 
a sterile trocar or knife (see cut page 17, fig. 8.) A trocar excells a 
knife for it can be left in 24 to 36 hours. A pipe stem may be inserted 
after the knife is withdrawn to keep the opening of the paunch and the hide 
in line but be sure it is secure so it can not get into the paunch. In 
more obstinate cases an incision or cut 4 to 5 inches long is made high 
up in the paunch but parallel with the ribs and two-thirds of the con- 
tents of the paunch (no more) is removed. While doing this have an 
attendant hold the paunch and skin together so no food can fall between 
the paunch and the skin. After the food is removed wash the edges 
of the paunch with a rag moistened in a five per cent carbolic acid 
water solution (1/4 pt. to l/o gal. water.) Then sew the outside edges of 
the paunch together by turning the edges or lips of the wound inward. 
No edges of the paunch will heal but the outside ones. Tlien sew up the 
skin in the ordinary way. Make the stitches l^^ to 2 inches apart out of 
sterile cat gut thread or severa' strands of well waxed cobbler's shoe 
thread. 



DRY MURRAIN 

C^Impaction of the Third Stomach"), ("Acute Gastro, Intestinal 

Catarrh'''), C^Gastro Enterites") 

According to the more recent views of most men who have made 
this disease a study it can only be properly called by the last two names. 
They form that conclusion because dry murrain is very f^r? except that 



Dry Murrain 87 



gastro intestional catarrh is associated with it. However the feeding of 
dry coarse feeds such as wheat straw and corn stalks and shucks left by 
hogs seems to intensify or bring to its climax the catarrh especially when 
such feeds are not well supplied with water and salt. 

SYMPTOMS 

Usually animals affected with this trouble have previously been in an 
unthrifty condition. They have often been stupid, hide bound and a 
rough coat. 

At the onset of the disease the body temperature is unevenly dis- 
tributed. The horns are alternately feverish and cold at the base, 
diarrhoea and constipation often alternate. The appetite is diminished 
and the cow does not chew the cud. The dung may pass in balls instead 
of cakes. The stomach does not give the normal intestional sounds of 
health. Wlien pressure is applied to the right flank pain is often evi- 
denced. The animal gets poor and has sunken eyes, may live only a few 
days or they may last for weeks. This disease may be confused with 
hemorrhagic septicemia. 

TREATMENT 

Give 2 drams (2 teaspoonfuls) of hydrochloric acid 2 or 3 times 
daily. Give each dose in 1 quart of water or give 2 to 3 drams (2 to 3 
teaspoonfuls) of creolin 3 times daily in 1 quart of water. 

It is preferable to give either of the above in oil since they make 
the mouth sore unless well diluted. 

If constipation exists 1 lb. of epsom salts may be given combined 
with 14 lb. of ginger. 

If diarrhcea is present it may be checked by the liberal use of 
boiled starch to a creamy constituency given as a drench and injected 
by way of the rectum. 

2 to 3 drams (2 to 3 tablespoonsful) of tannic acid have beneficial 
effect in reducing diarrhoea. Give 2 doses every 24 hours in 1 pint of 
water, 



88 Scours of Cattle 



DIARRHOEA, SCOURS OF CATTLE 

CAUSES 

Diarrhoea is caused by indigestible irritant foods, moldy^ foods, 
poisonous plants, foods containing a high per cent of water, foul water 
supplies, intestional paresites or tuberculosis of the intestional canal. If 
the scoiTs is due to tuberculosis it is incurable. 

SYMPTOMS 

The passages of the bowels become thin and frequent, and unless 
checked the animal becomes thin and weak because they are not able to 
get the proper nourishment out of the food. 

TREATMENT 

If possible to locate the cause in the food change the ration. Often 
a change from dry feed to grass will check it or a change from grass to 
dry feed will often yield beneficial results. 

A purgative or mild physic as V^ gallon of raw linseed oil @ 1000 
pound live weight should be given first to remove the cause of the trouble 
out of the bowels. It is useless to make a practice of locking the sou!rce 
of the trouble up in the bowels. After 12 hours any of the following 
should give good results to check the diarrhoea. 

Give 2 to 3 drams (2 to 3 tablespoonsful) of tannic acid 3 times 
daily for a few days or 1 dram fluid extract of capsicum may be given 3 
or 4 times daily. Give in 1 pint of water. 

3 to 4 drams of bismuth sub-nitrate given 3 times daily has given 
me good results in diarrhoea. 11/^ ounces of laudanum given every 3 to 4 
hours is a preferred treatment for diarrhoea. 

DYSENTERY 

Dysentry is a severe form of diarrhoea usually accompained by the 
passage of blood and even shreds of the intestional canal. 

The bowels should first be emptied by the use of I/4 gallon or 1 quart 
of raw oil. After 12 hours treatment should consist in giving drugs to 
quiet the bowels as 

Capsicum 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) or 

Lead Acetate 20 grains (one-third of a teaspoonful). 



Forage Poisoning 89 



For 1000 pound live weight give either 3 times daily in ly^ pint 
of warm water. 

The above should check the bowels after a purgative as recommend- 
ed under diarrhoea. 

Bismuth sub-nitrate is costly but may be used to check the bowels. 
Give 3 to 4 drams (3 to 4 teaspoonsful) 3 times daily till the bowels 
check and hold the bowels in check by I/2 pint of wheat flour given 3 
times daily. 



FORAGE POISONING AND BRAIN TROU 
BLES OF CATTLE 

{Corn Stalk Disease) 

Brain troubles not only of cattle but of all live stock in most cases 
are caused by the food. It is a recognized fact among most veterinar- 
ians and stockmen that most brain troubles are due to troubles of the 
stomach. Stupor and brain disorder may develop solely due to the feed. 
So whenever the brain is effected look for stunted feed by excessive wet, 
drouth, or frost or mouldy improperly cured feeds for often therein lies 
the whole trouble. In dry years stock often consume a large portion 
of the stalks that would not be eaten under ordinary conditions. This 
makes a large per cent of indigestible food in proportion to the leaves 
and apparently causes a sort of chronic constipation which develops 
into brain troubles. Second growth and sometimes first growth cane and 
similar forages contain prussic acid, a deadly poison. 

The molds on fodder and ensilage and in fact any decaying vegetable 
or plant material sometimes form ptomaine poisons. These are the poi- 
sons found in ca'hned vegetables that have kept improperly. 

These causes are not infrequent causes of brain disorders in stock. 

Salt is excellent to stimulate gastric secretions and its use has a ten- 
dency to avoid chronic constipation. 

Corn stalk diseases may be confused with black leg or hemorrhagic 
septicemia. 

Brain disorders are sometimes caused by injury to the spine or cen- 
tral nervous system. 



90 Indigestion 



TREATMENT 

Remove the cause if it is to be found in the feed and give a good 
physic as ll/o pounds epsom salts in 2 quarts of water for each 1000 
pounds live weight. If the bowels do not move in 24 hours repeat the 
dose or give i^ gallon of raw linseed oil to clean up the bowels. 
3 to 4 drams (3 to 4 teaspoonsful) of Tannic Acid or 
1 to 2 ounces (3 to 4 tablespoonsful) of Oak Bark Tea 
may be beneficial if given 3 to 4 hours after the salts. 

CHRONIC INDIGESTION 

{Loss of the Cud) 

Tlie first stomach (rumen) of normal cattle and s|ieep has the 
function of returning food to the mouth that is not sufficiently chewed 
for digestive purposes. When the digestive apparatus loses this function 
farmers sometimes call it the loss of the cud which is not improper if 
they recognize the base of the trouble is in the digestive apparatus. 

CAUSES 

Chronic indigestion more often attacks aged ccws that have been 
hearty eaters and have been fed coarse dry feeds. Chronic indigestion 
may attack young cattle. I have had several cases among yearlings. Dry 
coarse feeds as corn fodder, straw, hay or dead grass are all inducive 
when fed in cold weather for a considerable period without salt and 
sufficient water is not drank for digestive purposes. 

A cow may be fed dry fodders in the winter and a run down condition 
be the only noticeable symptom but if they have lost the ability to chew 
the cud a lot of symptoms may develop while they are on green girass; 
again the condition may improve when they are turned out on the grass. 

SYMPTOMS 

Loss of cud (Rumination) grating of the teeth, loss of appetite, weak- 
ness and a disposition to lie down a great deal. The eyes become sunk- 
en and the hide becomes leather like. The bowel passages become hard 
or may alternate with diarrhoea. The paunch becomes enlarged with 
gas (bloat) which in older cattle seldom causes misery, but may occur 
day after day in old or young cattle and may be the outstanding symp- 
tom in young cattle. The symptoms usually develop slowly. 



Constipation 91 



TREATMENT OF CHRONIC INDIGESTION 

In aged cattle where the symptoms have been months developing 
treatment is not always satisfactory. The feeding of a laxative and easily 
digested food is most important in this disease. Five or six gallons of 
milk may be fed to a cow weighing 1000 pounds. Some will drink it like 
water. I do not favor giving mi^Ik and ensilage together, however no feed 
is better than ensilage for chronic indigestion; the acid seems to effect 
the blood and gives tone to the digestion that can be found in no other 
feed. If silage is not available green wheat, rye or short tender grass 
are next to be preferred. Bran mashes with a little salt, boiled oat 
meal, flour gruels, raw eggs, ground oats and oil meal or finely chop- 
ped alfalfa or clover may be given. Give plenty of water with the 
chill taken off. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT 

Give the animal a physic of epsom salts. If they are not too weak 
two pounds may be dissolved in water for each 1000 pounds live weight. 
If they are weak a smaller dose is best. 24 hours after the salts are 
given begin giving creolin. lyo drams (ll/o teaspoonful) may be given 
every 8 hours in I/2 pint of raw oil as a drench. This should be con- 
tinued for several days or till they improve. For cattle weighing 500 
pounds give I/2 ^s much creolin. The above dose is for 1000 pounds 
live weight. 

Bloating may be checked by giving 2 to 4 tablespoonsful of baking 
soda before feeding, 

CONSTIPATION 

Constipation is not of infrequent occurrence among stabled cattle 
allowed access to only a limited range during the winter months. 

It frequently happens such cattle when fed dry constipating feeds and 
due to coldness they drink an inefficient supply of water for digestive 
purposes and they becomes constipated. Constipation may also occuir in 
diseases having fever associated with them. 

SYMPTOMS 

Cows tliat become constipated have diminished appetites which is us- 
ually variable. That is they may eat fairly \v?ll in the morning and at 



92 Contagious Abortion 



night leave a portion. The milk production decreases and they apparent- 
ly lose their energy. The passages of the bowels often take the form of 
balls rather than cakes. If constipation is due to fever about the only 
guide is the condition of the bowel passages. 

TREATMENT 

Constipation due to housing can be overcome by inducing the cattle 
to take exercise every day and in addition replace some of the dry feed 
with a laxative feed as green wheat, ensilage, oil meal, bran or clover 
hay. Sometimes taking the chill off of water by the use of a tank heater 
not only induces cattle to drink a sufficient amount of water for digestive 
purposes but will pay for itself in incireased milk production made. 

If constipation is due to fever of disease often the difficulty can be 
overcome by the addition of a laxative feed but it may be necessary to give 
2 to 3 pints of raw linseed oil which is a laxative and has not the grip- 
ing or weaking powers of a more drastic physic. 

NON BREEDING COWS 

{Sterile Cows) 

Non-Breeding cows are more often found among excessively fat or 
poor cows or those that have not had all the afterbirth removed after 
calving. Occasionally a cow is naturally deficient in the organs of gener- 
ation and will not breed. Such a cow usually has a masculine head 
that could not be told from a steer's head if the head were all you were 
privi eged to see. Wlien the cows are too fleshy the excessive fat around 
the organs of generation often causes the trouble. Wlien the afterbirth 
is allowed to rot away instead of being properly removed, pus forms 
and may effect the tubes between the womb and ovaries or the womb 
proper. Sometimes these pockets can be removed and antiseptic douches 
applied and the cow will conceive. The douche should be given several 
days before breeding. Cows effected with contagious abortion often will 
not conceive. 

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION 

No recent disease of cattle has caused the financial loss and dis- 
couragement to the cattle owners that contagious abortion has caused. 



Contagious Abortion 93 



The annual loss from contagious abortion is placed at more than 
($50,000,000) fifty million dollars.' 

Veterinarians of experiment stations and others with broad ideals 
have been laboring very diligently on this disease. Generally the cattle 
owner does not want it known his herd is effected and often closes them out 
at public sale and thus the innocent purchaser often takes the disease 
into a well herd. To some extent this secrecy has really kept the veter- 
inarians of the state from knowing the prevalence of this disease. The 
disease is caused by a germ found by Bang in 1895. Oftentimes a 
neighbor can not get his cow to conceive to his bull and gets a neighbor's 
bull to serve her. If she has contagious abortion it may be carried by 
the bull to the next few cows he serves. The last statement is of im- 
portance and should be carefully read by all. There is much less likely 
hood of a bull carrying the disease from an infected cow to a well one if 
his sheath is washed several times after serving an effected cow. This can 
be done with a bulb syringe, wash several times well up under the sheath. 
A cow may develop this disease by eating food having mucous on it from 
an effected cow. Blood may be drawn out of the juglar vein by tieing 
a string around the neck. In front of this string the vein can be felt. 
Puncture it with a hollow needle and run the blood in a clean narrow long 
bottle. Keep upright at least 4 hours and send to the experiment station 
and they can determine whether contagious abortion or some other form ex- 
ists. A higher per cent of cows react than bulls, hence it is generally 
supposed that the bull carries the disease chiefly in a mechanical way 
that is the infection is left on his organs from an effected cow and 
thereby transmitted to the well ones of the herd. 

Do not sell effected cows if they are of any value. In a very high 
per cent of the cases if a cow is properly cleaned a few times with 
antiseptic solution after the afterbirth is removed they will bring a no!r- 
mal calf the following year. That is to say a cow develops of her own 
accord an immunity against the disease; yet there have been some people 
who have induced the farmers to believe the medicine they use will ward 
off the following attacks when the cow herself develops the immunity. 
To prove this statement ask the man who has refused to sell his abortive 
cows and see if he doesn't tell you a high per cent of his cows produced 
normal calves tlie following year without treatment, provided they were 
properly cleaned and conceived when bred. 

The calves when born normal from an abortive mother react to llie 
disease for only a few weeks after birth. 



94 Contagious Abortion 



SYMPTOMS 

The discharge thrown off at the vagina is often a dirty yellowish 
white instead of a clear while. To find a premature calf either in the 
field or lot may be the first evidence and often we try to convince our- 
selves it's due to bank climbing, butting, or slipping as we know of no 
abortion in the community but as we reflect our bull has served a neigh- 
bor's cow we have bought a previously used bull or brought into the 
herd some new stock. Straining may be the first evidence seen. Often- 
times difficult calving with a high per cent of loss of the calves 
is the first trouble we encounter. If the calves are born alive they are 
often indifferent about nursing. It is seldom that all the cows of a herd 
abort. However the ones failing to abort the first year may abort the 
following year thus continually transmit it to the younger cows if pro- 
per steps of prevention are not taken. The cows usually have more diffi- 
culty in shedding the afterbirth than normal cows which is partly due to 
premature birth of the calves. 

TREATMENT 

The afterbirths should be removed and burned with all infectious 
material where the birth took place. The afterbirth can be removed by 
pinching the buttons or cotyledons loose from the wall of the womb with 
the thumb and fingers. 

After removing the afterbirth, wash the womb out by the use of a 2 
fool piece of rubber tubing (see cut on page 17, fig. 7.) Place in 
one end a funnel and place the other end in the womb. Pour a mix- 
ture of % level tablespoonful of potassium permanganate in 1 gallon 
of water into the womb; repeat every two days for one week. A new 
method with which I have had very good success in the removal of the 
afterbirth is to plug up the opening to the womb with a role of bandage 
to which is tied a soft strong cord. Also tie a similar cord to the after- 
birth. Leave the plug in from 5 to 7 days examining every day or so to 
see that the bandage plug is still in the womb opening. After 5 days 
the afterbirth can often be easily removed. The plug is to keep the 
opening of the womb from closing. Turpentine held vmder the navel 
seems to be of benefit in the removal of the afterbirth in some cows. 
Treat both the effected and the pregnant cows as follows to prevent 
farther aborting. Mix 5 tablespoonsful or 21/2 ounces of pure crystals 
of carbolic acid in ^^ gajlon of water. With a hollow needle hypoder- 



Paralysis of Cattle 95 



mic syringe (See cut page 17, fig. 4) inject under the skin 6 drams (6 
teaspoons) of the mixture. Repeat every week or ten days until six 
treatments are given increasing the dose a little each time after the sec- 
ond treatment. Poisoning and the full dose is indicated by dilation (en- 
largement) of the pupils of the eye and staggering of the cow. Some 
veterinarians have figured it out by the amount of blood in the 
cow and formed the conclusion that such a small amount of carbolic 
acid could have no antiseptic effect doubtless they ar^ right. It is 
probable the drug increases the number of white corpuscles of the blood 
that destroy the disease germs and thereby prevent farther abortion in 
a herd. However I know the above treatment is beneficial in abortion. 
I have used it a number of times in abortive herds and have obtain- 
ed excellent results. If a cow is straining give 

2 ounces of Extract of Black Haw. 

1 ounce of Laudinum. 

1 pint of Water. 
Repeat this every hour till straining is relieved or 3 or 4 doses are 
given. In connection give carbolic acid as outlined above under the 
skin every 48 hours till straining is relieved. Isolate all effected cows 
from the herd until they throw off no more mucous from the womb. 

There is an abortion bacterin being used costing about $1.00 a dose 
per cow for sale by laboratories. See list of laboratories on the last 
pages of this book. This bacterin seems to be fairly successful. The bac- 
terin would simply replace the carbolic acid treatment. 

PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS 
OF COWS 

Partial paralysis occurs occasionally in cows. The most frequent 
form occurs in the hind quarters of old cows a few days prior to the 
delivery of a calf. Usually such cows are in poor condition. 

SYMPTOMS 

The cow often can not be induced to stand and support herself. 
Colicky pains are indicated by groans and turning of the head to the 
sides. The cow usually improves after the delivery of the calf. 



^-^6 Difficult Calving 



TREATMENT 

This is one disease the care-taker must not grow impatient with. 
First of all feed Lhe cow a liberal ration of laxative and nourishing feeds 
such as clover, hay, oats, oil meal and several gallons of raw milk daily. 
Give the cow all the water she will drink. If the cow will try to 
stand, prepare a gunny sack sling by sewing gunny sacks to poles and 
rolling the cow on to it (see cut on page 55) and pulling the cow 
upon her feet with a hay rope. If the cow is indifferent about stand- 
ing do not try to force her to stand. The sling is not to be used to force 
the cow but rather to aid her in standing. If the cow does not show 
anxiety to stand she should be turned from side to side several times 
daily and the limbs should be rubbed several times daily by the hands. 

A liniment made as follows and applied two times daily to the 
legs and limbs may be beneficial. 
Chloroform 2 ounces. 
Camphor 2 ounces. 
Water of Ammonia 2 ounces. 
Raw Oil 6 ounces. 
The slrenglh of the liniment may be diminished or increased by 
reducing or adding more raw oil. 

Give every 8 or 12 hours, II/2 drams (II/2 teaspoonful) of tincture 
of Nux Vomica for each 1000 pounds live weight and continue till im- 
provement occurs or poisoning is indicated by twitching of the muscles 
of die cow. The twitching is quite similar to that seen in frog legs that 
have been prepared for food. If the bowels are constipated salts may 
be given. Salts that have long been exposed to the air are not effective. 
There is nothing better for paralysis than nux vomica. 

DIFFICULT CALVING 

{Difficult Partuation) 

Contagious abortion is probably responsible for more difficulty at 
calving time than any other one cause. In contagious abortion the 
calves often come dead, wrongly presented or dry. Some come pre- 
mature. All this is unnatural and trouble follows. Wrong presentation 
and too large a calf for the opening may cause difficult calving. 

The calves back should be toward or parallel with the cows since the 
pelvic opening is not round but has more depth between the spine and 



Retention of the Afterbirth 97 

the base of the pelvic opening than it has the other way. If a cow seems 
to be having difficulty lard the hand and arm with lard to which has been 
added a little carbolic acid explore the opening to the womb and see if 
the feet and head can be felt coming as they should. If they are do not 
bother the cow for several hours after the pains begin. If the feet and 
head are not coming right gently push the calf back as far as possibile 
when the cow is not straining. When she strains merely hold what you 
have. To raise the hind quarters higher than the front may aid in push- 
ing the calf back. After the calf is back as far as possible bring up the 
fore feet and the head. A calf can never be born with a foot or the 
head back neither can they be straightened until pushed back. A calf 
can sometimes be born hind feet first. If the front feet and the head 
are brought up to place go away and let the cow labor; maybe she will 
have the calf without aid. After some time if the calf is not born re- 
turn and pull on both front feet, pull gently and firm. To turn the 
cow over on the other side may make delivery easier. The calf may 
come easier if the cow will stand up. Lard may assist in the removal of 
the calf. When the head gets to the opening maybe the membrane can 
be pushed over the head. 

After the head is out work gently and easy unless the calf is choke- 
ing. When the ribs are well out to pull toward the cow's hocks will 
assist the birth. If wire streachers and ropes have to be used grease the 
calf well and pull slowly lest the cow and calf both be lost. However the 
hands are all that should be used for some time. To take calves and be 
successful requires time and patience to let the opening naturally enlarge. 
1 teaspoonful of pituitrin injected under the skin is often very bene- 
ficial in aiding in calving. Make the injection in the loose skin of the 
cows neck. 

RETENTION OF THE AFTERBIRTH 

In my opinion contagious abortion can be in a herd and apparently 
healthy calves be born. This may account for the difficulty in cleaning 
in some herds. 

After calving, especially difficult calving, the cow should be washed 
out with 6 ounces (12 tablespoonfuls) of sheep dip placed in 1 gallon 
ot luke warm water. This can be done by the use of the funnel and 
tube shown in cut (on page 17, fig, 7). Insert the tube and hold the 
funnel high and have an assistant pour the dip water in the funnel. This 
aids in the afterbirth removal. Do not take the afterbirth away before 



98 White Scours 



18 hours. If the buttons are pinched loose from the wall of the womb 
sooner unnecessary bleeding occurs. If the afterbirth does not come in 
12 hours after the birth of the calf take a Wlason fruit jar lid and hold it 
under the cow's navel and allow the navel to take up 4 or 5 tablespoonsful 
of turpentine. This seems to aid in some cows within 5 to 15 hours while 
ill others the arm must be inserted and the buttons pinched from the wa 1 
of the womb with the thumb and fore fingers and the afterbirth removed 
a piece at a time. 

The calf bed is fastened to the womb by buttons which naturally 
rot off from the wall as the calf reaches maturity but in premature births 
these buttons do not seem to reach that stage. A cow that has such trouble 
should be cleaned up and washed out 3 or 4 times a week to prevent her 
forming pus and becoming a non-breeder. 

WHITE SCOURS 

{Contagious Scours in New Born Calves) 

This disease occurs in many sections of the United States and imless 
proper precautions are taken it will ruin a herd of calves. 

CAUSES 

The infection or germ of the disease will live for years in a building 
if unmolested. The bacteria causing it are very hard to kill by methods 
that would kill any ordinary disease germ. 

It usually, travels from one herd to the other by clinging to men's 
shoes, wagons or the feet of cattle. 

SYMPTOMS 

The calves are invariably attacked before they are three days old 
and they often die within forty hours after the first symptoms appear. 

Possibly four or five calves out of a hundred in an infected herd 
escape the malady unless proper preventive measures are adopted. 

White scours causes the calf to grow indifferent about nursing, they 
become weak rapidly and give off a whitish yellow, stinking discharge. It 
is distinguished from abortion by the scours and all calves being born 
alive. 

PREVENTION 

There has recently been a bacterin developed to prevent this disease 
which gives quite satisfactory results. These bacterins may be obtained 
through local druggists or purchased from laboratories listed in the last 



Ordinary Scours 99 

pages of this book. All bowel passages should be collected 2 or 3 
times daily in a vessel, covered with lime and buaried in an isolated 
spot away from all lots and buildings. This is done to prevent the di- 
sease spreading. After the disease is discovered do not allow any more 
cows to calve in the infected building and if possible do not permit any 
one to go from infected pens to pens where pregnant cows ajre to calve 
without changing the clothes and shoes. After the calves are 10 hrs. old 
a good plan is to dip the navel of all calves born after the disease is dis- 
covered in the following disinfectant solution 

4 tablespoonfuls of carbolic acid to 1 quart of warm water After 
the navel cord is disinfected tie it with a smooth soft cord. 

The walls, floor and ceiling of an infected barn should be washed 
widi one of the following solutions 

5 per cent Creolin (10 tablespoonsful @ gallon of water). 

5 per cent Carbolic Acid (10 tablespoonsful @ gallon of water). 

5 per cent Formalin (10 tablespoonsful @ gallon of water). 
Clothing etc. may be boiled. 

ORDINARY SCOURS. DIARRHOEA OF 

CALVES 

[Indigestion] 

This disease is much more prevalent on some farms than others, 
possibly due to the feed, water or continually having calves in the same 
building year after year. Ordinary scours occur after calves axe 5 or 
6 days old and seldom after they are a few months old. 

The following reasons are given as the cause of scours. Failure of 
calf to receive the first milk (colostrum) of the cow, cow receiving food 
that produces milk of acid composition or too rich in fats, (ensilage may 
cause acid milk) , cow giving more milk than the calf should receive, 
dirty milk, or feeding buckets, calf eating solid foods before the digestive 
tract is sufficiently developed to receive them. Lice may cause scours. 
Irregularity of time or amount of milk given. Cows eating moldy feeds 
or highly acid feeds as ensilage, I am of the opinion ensilage is to 
blame in more cases than formejrly supposed, by producing an acid ef- 
fect on the milk. 

SYMPTOMS 

The bowels move frequently and the passages contain a high per 
cent of water. The little patient loses the appetite, becomes gaunt, stupid 



100 Scours of Calves 



and the breath and bowels emit a foul odor. Later grating of teeth 
occurs which indicates indigestion in any animal. 

TREATMENT 

Scours in calves is not an incurable disease however it requires lots 
of patience in many cases to perfect a cure. 

It is as useless to indiscrimately pour medicine down calves without 
locating the cause of the trouble and removing it, as it would be to 
doctor a horse for colic caused by green oats and continue to pour the 
oats into him. Feed the calf for nourishment i/^ dozen raw eggs daily 
and not to exceed 1 gallon of milk per day given preferably in three 
feeds. If the calf is very bad off the milk should be slightly reduced. I 
do not favor boiling the milk. Boiling destroys the ferments and makes 
the milk less digestible. 

Above all things be very clean with the milk and see to it the calf gets 
it at the proper temperature. The cow buckets and hands should all be 
very clean when milk is drawn from the cow. If the calf is nursing the 
cow often to reduce the amount given the calf will aid in curing scours. 

See to it that the cows feed is not the cause previously discussed under 
causes of this disease. 

There are a number of home treatments for scours in calves but my 
success with them has not been by any means satisfactory. Among 
them are coffee, eggs, inner bark of white oak boiled and 3 to 6 table- 
spoonsful of the clear tea given three or four times daily. Flour boiled 
in a sack two hours and sliced into the milk after the flour becomes 
dry, raw flour, scorched flour, corn starch gruels and rectum injec- 
tions of corn starch, gum arable, etc. It is probable most of them 
have some benefit but their use has been all but satisfactory in my 
hands. 

I find it best to give lime water and gentian 3 to 4 times daily made 
as follows from the beginning of scours till after the attack is over, 
lake 1/2 pint of Time, pour over it 1/2 gallon of boiling water in an 
earthen crock. Stir vigorously several times then let settle, pour off the 
perfectly clear liquid and give 1 or 2 tablespoonsful with 2 teaspoonsful 
of gentian 3 or 4 times daily. Ii makes no difference what the otiier 
treatment is, give the lime water and gentian. 

Following is a formulae which some people claim good success with 
and with which I have had good success if giren when scours firsrt ap- 
pear. ' 



Scours of Calves 101 



Glycerine li/^ ounces (3 tablespoonfuls). 

Pulverized prepared chalk 5 ounces (10 tablespoonsful). 

Peppermint Oil 20 drops. 

Camphor 3 drams (ll/o teaspoonfuls) . 

Sub-Nitrate of Bismuth 3 ounces (6 tablespoonsful). 

Water 1 pint. 

The bismuth sub-nitrate is comparatively costly and may be reduced 
to one or two ounces and good results be obtained. Give 2 tablespoon- 
fuls twice daily as a drench in a little milk has given me most excellent 
results. Shake well before each dose. Take 1 ounce of tannoform 
{methyl di tannan) put in 1 pint of water. If the local druggist has not 
tannoform in stock he can order it. Wliere it is in stock, it will be found 
cheap and very efficient. Give 2 tablespoonsful 2 to 4 times daily in 1/4 
pint of warm water. This formulae may be preceeded 12 hours by 6 
tablespoonsful of castor oil. 

Another cheap one and most dependable in my opinion is as follows: 

Give 2 ounces, (6 tablespoonsful) at one dose, followed in ten hours 
by 

20 to 25 grains of salicylic acid, (1 rounding teaspoonful.) 
p 20 to 25 grains of tannin, (1 rounding teaspoonful.) 

Give salicylic acid and tannin in 3 ounces (6 tablespoonsful of 
water. Give 2 to 3 times daily. Give lime water and gentian from the 
beginning 3 times daily till after they are cured. 

Following is a fairly good treatment. Give 3 ounces (6 tablespoonfuls) 
castor oil follow in 8 to 10 hours by 1/2 dram (I/2 teaspoonful) of sub- 
nitrate of bismuth given 4 times daily in 5 or 6 tablespoonsful of water. 
Give lime water and gentian as outlined above. This treatment is suc- 
cessful in a high per cent of the cases. If it fails to produce stools or 
cakes after 7 doses are given then continue it but give in addition 1 to 
11/2 drams (1 to liA teaspoonsful) of tincture of opium (laudanum) 
every 4 hours til the bowels get right. 

After the bowels are checked 2 drams (2 teaspoonsful) of tincture 
of gentian and lime water should be given 3 or 4 times daily to keep 
the stomach sweet and aid in digestion. 

There is an anti-scour bacterin on the market which is fairly suc- 
cesgfu] to immune calves for scours. For sale by veterinary supply 



102 Constipation of Calves 

houses listed in the back pages of this book. I,t costs about 75c for each 
calf immuned and should be done soon after birth. Bacterins are in- 
jected under tlie skin. 

CONSTIPATION OF CALVES 

The first milk of the cow is called colostrum and acts as a natural 
purge or mild physic to the young calf. If this happens to be the wrong 
composition due to the feed of the cow it fails to move the bowels and 
the young calf becomes constipated. 

Constipation often follows diarrhoea in calves and often diarrhoea 
terminates in indigestion and the use of medicine for diarrhoea must be 
continued. 

SYMPTOMS 

The calf strains without producing a passage may have colicky pains 
and a bad breath associated with constipation. Grating of the teeth in- 
dicates indigestion. 

TREATMENT 

The calf should receive luke warm water injections by the way 
of the rectum. Four or five tablespoonfuls are usually sufficient. The 
frequency and the amount depends on how much of the water is retained. 
In the worst forms of constipation 2 ounces (3 or 4 tablespoonfuls) of 
castor oil should be given by the mouth. 

If constipation l"ollows diarrhoea I/4 to Yn teaspoonful of pepsin 2 
or 3 times daily may be given 10 to 15 minutes before feeding. Lime 
water and charcoal are good for foul breath in indigestion. 2 teaspoons- 
full of charcoal and 1 tablespoonful of limewater may be given three 
times daily. Lime water is made by placing the lime in a glass and 
stirring it several different times with water. Then allow the lime to 
settle and use only the clear transparent water. 

RINGWORM OR SCABS OF CALVES 

This is a vegetable paresite of calves. Gray, dry, white scabs ap- 
pear around the eyes on the nose or neck and sometimes on the body. 
The hair becomes brittle and breaks off leaving the grey spot. 

Wash the effected parts with raw oil, castor oil or vaseline three or 
four times and apply once daily for 3 or 4 days tincture of iodine. 



Soreness of the Feet 103 



WARTS ON CALVES 

Warts are not hereditary. They may be cut off" by the use of a strong 
sharp thread. Place the thread around the base of the wart and con- 
tinue to draw it tigliter every day until the wart is removed. Then se- 
cure some vaseline and smear the hair all around the \v'art and paint the 
wart very lightly with nitric acid applied by a smoothed end glass rod. 
If the wart starts to grow again apply the acid again. They should be 
examined once a week to determine whether they are going to grow 
again or not. 

SORENESS OF THE FEET OF CATTLE 

There are several causes for soreness in the feet of cattle. Probably 
tlie most common cause is a fungus growth appearing between the clawS 
on the heel portion of the foot. This may be easily detected by raising 
the foot and cleaning away the dirt from the heel. Overgrowth of the 
claws is a common cause of lameness. 

TREATMENT 

In case of fungus wash all the dirt away and apply two times daily 
clear concentrated blue vitrol water made by pouring hot water on pul- 
verized blue stone stirring it up well arid allowing it to settle and pour- 
ing off tlie clear solution. Then bathe the diseased part of the foot 
in the water twice daily for four or five days. Pulverized blue stone 
may be dusted in betv»een the affected places where the trouble is. 
Proper trimming will remedy over grown claws and removing foreign 
obstructions, will remedy hardening of foreign matter formed between 
the claws. 

CONTAGIOUS FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE 

This disease has been known in Europe since about 1750. Minor 
outbreaks occured in eastern states m 1902 and 1906. In 1914 a con- 
siderable area of the central western states were refused the priv- 
ilege of shipping stock due to one or more outbreaks in each states. 

Europeon countries have learned that quite a large per cent of the 
cattle die from this disease in some outbreaks while other years where 
good care can be given to the animals the mortality is very low. Foot 
and mouth disease attacks hogs, cattle, sheep and goats and no susceptible 
animals in a herd escapes it. It is the most contagious of all diseases ef-" 



104 



Foot and Mouth Disease 



fecting live stock. It causes fat cattle to lose flesh, stock cattle refuse to 
gain, cows udders blister, cake and they become worthless and pigs become 
lame. Any effected animals may recover and have three or four sub- 
sequent attacks within a period of several months. 

In Germany and France where the malady was not strictly quaran- 
tined in the beginning and has become wide spread they do not seem to be 
able to get rid of it during a period of 30 years. These facts should make 
every American farmer want to support the government and state in 
quarantine measures so that he may avoid an aquaintance with this 
disease. 

CAUSES 

This is beyond a doubt a bacterial disease. The agent causing the 




(Sores on the teats due to foot and mouth disease.) 

infection undoubtedly is in the blisters formed in the mouth. A common 
drinking trough or feeding trough can easily become infected by the ex- 
cessive flow of saliva and thus infect a whole herd. It is one of the 
easiest diseases known to spread. It can be carried even easier than hog 
cholera on the wagon wheels, shoes, clothing and in fact any article that 
goes from diseased to healthy quarters. The manure, urine, milk and 
saliva all carry the infection. 

^ SYMPTOMS 
Ergotism or poisoning due to a fungi ivhich gjows on forage plant! 



Foot and Mouth Disease 



105 



which is sometimes called "non-contagious foot and mouth disease" is 
often mistaken for contagious foot and mouth disease. Sheep and hogs 
do not easily develop ergotism while they develop foot and mouth disease 
in a very few days when confined with infected animals. 

With contagious foot and mouth disease quite a number develop the 
disease in a few days while with ergotism the cases usual y develop alow- 
Iv or no new cases develop if the food is entirely changed to food of 
plants, not growing ergot (See index for ergotism.) 




Characteristic flow of saliva oi an animal efifected with foot and 
mouth disease 



Animals with contagious foot and mouth disease become stupid and 
dull with a rapidly reduced flow of milk. The base of the horns, ears 
and muzzle become dry and feverish. The tops of the hoofs may become 
feverish. 

At the onset of the disease the flow of saliva is not materially in- 
creased but as the disease advances it flows in shreds from the mouth 



106 



Foot and Mouth Disease 



with a characteristic smacking. The appetite is reduced partly due to the 
blisters which appear in the mouth. The animal manifests uneasiness 
and tenderness in the feet due to blisters which more often appear on 
the heels. These blisters vary in size from a flax seed lo half an inch in 
diameter the larger blisters are often the result of the fusion of several 
smaller blisters. These blisters may be flesh colored or have a whitish 
yellowish appearance. They may be found on the nose or the upper 




Fig. 2 — Blisters and scabs of foot and mouth disease on 
the mouth. Note rubber glove. 

gums as well as on the tongue. When these blisters appear on the feet 
and the animal is exposed to manure and filth they may lose the hoofs. 
Sheep and pigs are more often effected in the feet. 

PREVENTION OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE 

The state veterinarian and his deputies are paid by the people of 
the state to render assistance in the control of such contagious diseases. 

However, the farmer is not helpless while waiting on the state to 
render such assistance. The farmer should be aware of the fact that he 
is dealing with a very contagious disease and must always be on the 
guard to prevent it from spreading. 



Ergotism 107 

First isolate all sick animals and any new cases that may develop to 
a building some distance from all other stock. If possible supply a 
hydrant or close well for water, necessary troughs and feed sufficient for 
several months. Getting such a supply at first aids in preventing the 
spread of the disease. Place one man in charge of the animals and ab- 
solutely keep every body else away and remove nothing from the build- 
ing that is taken there, not even the animals that recover for they may 
have several attacks. The man in charge of the sick animals must not 
leave the infected pens without changing all clothes, including shoes, 
washing the hands and faqe thoroughly through several soapy waters and 
placing on clean clothes. Do not let the man touch the infected clothes 
after washing and do not let the clean clothes come near the infected 
clothes or pens. 

Keep the infected pens clean but do not throw the manure where it 
will be washed by rains, use barrels of lime with the manure. Keep 
some lime on the floors of infected pens. This disease can be kept from 
spreading in small lots much easier than if cattle or hogs are allowed 
much range. 

All of the herd showing no symptoms should be kept on a small area 
for at least two weeks and each animal should be tied and fed and 
watered in individual buckets. That is each healthy animal should have 
a bucket to eat and drink out of and no other healthy animall should be 
fed out of the same bucket. Any new cases developing should be 
placed in the pen with the sick ones. Use plenty of lime where such an- 
imals are kept. The man caring for the sick animals must not come near 
the we 1 animals. . Neither must any article used about sick animals be 
removed from in or about such pens. 

After the disease is over the building and surrounding ground must 
be thoroughly disinfected by burning a 1 manure and disinfecting by the 
use of formalin, one pint to the gallon of water. 

ERGOTISM 

{False Foot and Mouth Disease) 

There is a fungus called ergot that grows chiefly on rye, red top, 
blue grass and timothy during wet seasons. . It is to be found on the 
seed portion of the plant. The seeds eff'ected with ergot attain several 
times their normal size have a hard shelly covering are black and often 
crescent shaped. This disease is more likely to occur where stock are on 
dry feed and consuming the seeds. This disease may be mistaken for 



108 False Foot and Mouth Disease 

contagious foot and mouth disease but differs from foot and mouth disease 
in the following points. 

I Ergot poisoning seldom effects hogs and sheep while they are 
quite susceptible to contagious foot and mouth disease. 

II Within a period of 10 days after an outbreak of foot and mouth 
disease a high per cent of the herd will be effected while with ergot 
poisoning quite a per cent of the cattle usually escape the disease. 

III The sloughing of sores is more extensive in ergot poisoning 
than in the contagious foot and mouth disease. 

IV It would be rare to find ergot on the food of animals suffering 
with the contagious foot and mouth disease. 

SYMPTOMS 

Ergot makes its appearance in two separate forms. I Internally. 
II Externally. 

When the internal form is present it somewhat resembles forage 
poisoning. The animals become dizzy, reel, froth at the mouth, show 
colicky pains, may abort the calf, become paralyzed and die or recover 
within a period of hours. 

In the external form the parts of the body farthest from the heart 
as the ears, legs, tail etc. become effected because the circulation is poor. 
In such cases the skin becomes dry and cracks appear. These cracks 
grow in size until they become great sloughing sores. They may assume 
the shape of patches or they may encircle tlie effected portion of the body. 
These sores may become extensive enough to cause the loss of a foot, ear 
or tail. An animal effected with the external form usually recovers after 
a period of weeks if the food is changed. 

TREATMENT 

Give 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls of tannic acid in water as soon as possible 
after the disease appears. In the internal form give a good physic to 
prevent the system from absorbing more of the poison. II/2 to 2 pounds 
of epsom salts for each 1000 pounds of live weight should be giiven. 
Change the feed to clover, alfalfa, dil meal, bran, etc. not effected with 
ergot. 

In the external form change the feed and give daily from 7 to 9 
days 1 dram (1 teaspoonful) of Potassium Iodine 2 times daily in 1 pint 
of water. 

If improvement does not take place omit several days and repeat the 



Lumpy Jaw 



109 



treatment till the hair becomes scurffy or tears drop from the eyes. The 
last two symptoms indicate enough of the drug has been given. How- 
ever if they do not appear at the end of the first 8 days the dose may be 
increased one third. 



LUMPY JAW 

{Actinomycosis, W^ooden Tongue) 




An easy and effective way to throw cattle. The head is tied and the rope 
encircling the body is drawn tight. 

This is a fungus disease of the blood effecting cattle and occasionally 
horses and hogs. The fungus grows on forage and beards of small grains 
as rye, barley, oats and wheat. It also grows on the grasses in pastures 
and hay fields. The fungi probably gain entrance to the blood by the 
irritation of heads or sharp ends of straws. However it is probable that 
thorns and other wounds would make an opening to the blood. 

SYMPTOMS 

This disease may appear in the form of one centralized swelling or 
several small swellings or internally as wooden tongue. In the last form 
the tongue becomes enlarged and useless. The animal has difficulty in 
eating. For this form give potassium iodide treatment only. The swell- 
ings on the exterior of the body appear chiefly on the sides of the head 



110 Lumpy Jaw 

and between the angles of the lower jaw bones. However I have seen 
swellings of lumpy jaw appear on the neck and body. The swellings 
may be hard in which case the pus is enclosed in fibrous tissue or they may 
be soft and pus" like. It is sometimes difficult to determine definitely 
whether or not a swelling is present until the cow is roped, and the place 
is felt of with tlie hand. 

If no treatment is given small scattered lumps may break for a few 
months, scattering the disease over the farm and the disease finally result 
in developing one or more big lumps which later results in destruction 
of both tissue and bone. 

TREATMENT 

If a lump breaks collect all pus and burn it to prevent contaminat- 
ing other cattle. 

I have had a great deal of experience with this disease and recom- 
mend that treatment be given as soon as the case appears. Before the 
lumps form pus or fibrous tissue develops the following inexpensive lin- 
iment often gives excellent results. After fibrous tissue forms it will 
stop growth of the swelling but often leaves an enlargement which may 
disappear after months. 

Oil of Sassafras, 2 ounces 
Oil of Turpentine, 4 ounces 
Raw Linseed Oil, 4 ounces 
Croton Oil, l/o ounce. 

Apply 2 times 12 hours apart to all lumps rub in well. Omit 4 
to 7 days after 2 applications are given and apply again unless the 
swellings are decidedly better. Two applications usually cures; however, 
keep up the application till distinct improvement occurs or 4 applica- 
tions are made. The liniment will remove the hair. 

The United States Government cured about 90 per cent of the cases 
it tried at the union stock yards at Qiicago by the use of potassium 
iodide. One rounding teaspoonful should be given twice daily in 1 
pint of water to mature cattle for eight days or till symptoms of poison- 
ing are indicated by watering at the eyes, nose and scurfy hair. After 
these symptoms appear omit 1 week to 10 days and unless the beast is 
decidedly better give 2 doses a day for 7 or 8 - 

Surgery has long been used in lumpy jaw where the pus is drained 
out and the fibrous tissue is cut away. However in advanced cases 
where the b(jiio is n.<)l effected 1 have had far better resu'ts to lance the 



Texas Fever 111 

lumps on top and fill the cavity full twice during 24 hours with blue 
STone. In 3 to 5 days all the fibrous tissue must be rem ved. Healing 
may be hastened by sewing up the cavity and keeping it open for several 
days at its lowest point to allow pus to drain out. 



TEXAS FEVER 

{Piroplasmosis ) 

This disease is known by the names of red water, texas plague, 
splenic fever, Spanish fever, murrain, etc. 

This' disease is of little importance where there is no exchange of 
cattle between the north and the south, however where northern cattle 
go south or tick infected cattle go north it becomes quite an important 
disease in many cases. The boundary line of Texas fever begins at Nor- 
folk, Va., runs southwest to the northern boundary of Georgia, thence 
north to the center of Tennessee, then west to the Mississippi river then 
north to the Missouri-Arkansas line. Then it follows the Oklahoma line 
to Medford and goes southwest to the old Mexico line leaving the west 
third of Texas free. Then it follows the old Mexico line till the southeast 
corner of California going one half the way up to the Arizona line 
thence west to Watsonville, California. The tick is unable to live through 
the freezing weather it must undergo north of this line, hence the malady 
is checked with cold weather north of such a line. 

Cattle coming from the south are very likely to carry the ticks into 
northern pastures unless they are dipped in vats containing dip water of 
sufficient strength to kill the ticks. Just how the disease is spread can 
not be understood unless we examine the life history of the cattle tick. 

The eggs of the tick are laid on the ground hatching into a six legged 
active tick resembling a beetle in appearance. The time necessary for 
such an egg to hatch va,ries from 13 to 90 days depending on the temper- 
ature at this stage the little fellow is visible to the naked eye and appar- 
ently get no larger till they attach themselves to cattle. The skin on the 
inner portions of the thighs. The base of the udder and the sheath are 
the places preferred by the tick to attach themselves to cattle, however 
they can often be found .on most any portion of the surface of the body 
of cattle especially along tlie back and on the neck. After the ticks 




■^^ 










A.. 








8. 




» I t 



Fig. 2 — ^Texas-fever protozoa and the ticks which transmit them 
*1, larva of cattle tick (X25) ; 2, same (natural size) ; 3, mature female and eggs; 
4, hide showing cattle ticks; 5, blood cells containing Texas-fever protozoa (Xl,000) ; 
6, male cattle tick (X15) ; 7, same (natural size) ; 8, young female cattle tick (X15) ; 
9, same (natural size) ; 10, various stages of cattle ticks. 



Texas Fever 113 



have been on the cattle about a week the tick sheds its body coat. After 
one more week the covering of the body is shed again and the tick is 
fully equipped with sexual organs and has grown very rapidly. In a 
few days the female fills her body with blood and drops to the ground 
laying from 2,000 to3,000 eggs after which she dies. 

The only way Texas fever is transmitted under natural conditions 
is for the immature tick to attach itself to a cow. As far as is known 
mature ticks do not go from one cow to another neither will the body 
wastes of a sick cow impart the disease to a healthy cow. And again 
the tick itself does not cause the disease, but carries a very minute animal 
organism called a protozoa, measuring possibly one twelve thousandth 
of an inch in diameter. This organism throws off from its body a poison- 
ous product which is responsible for the symptoms devejloped in the 
disease^ This minute animal (protozoa) is responsible for breaking 
up the blood corpuscles which are thrown off with the body wastes of 
cattle during the disease but most people believe that bteaking up of the 
red corpuscles does not cause the death of the cattle but death is caused 
' by the poisonous products thrown off by these minute organisms. The 
protozoa enter the blood of the ^^attle when the tick sucks the blood. 

This disease is peculiar to science in that healthy cattle from the 
south are capable of bringing the disease into a bunch of cattle while 
the southern cattle are uneffected. This is due to the fact that younger 
cattle often irecoVer and are immune to the disease the remainder of their 
lives but may carry the ticks into free territory. This immunity has ga"eatly 
reduced losses in the south. It is a ve(ry fatal disease to aged cattle. 
August and September are probably the months of the greatcist losses. 

SYMPTOMS 

The effected animals have a tendency to isolate themselves from 
the herd. The appetite and flow of milk decreases, the fevrtr is high, 
and the bowels are constipated but later become softer. The urine be- 
comes deep red in color and the animal gets poor rapidly. The blood 
becomes watery and an incision in the skin often fails to make a flow 
of blood. Aftex death, if the spleen is examined it will be found to 
be greatly enlarged. If an incision is made into the spleen it will be 
a blue grape or black color inside instead of a cherry red. The bile 
will be flakey and is a very dependable symptom after death. 



114 Hemorrhagic Septicemia 

The presence of ticks on the body is good evidence of Texas Fever. 
Death may take place in thtee days or the animal may live as long as 
three weeks. 

TREATMENT 

Remove all the ticks from the cattle by use of a curry coml) and 
hand picking, separating all animals not having ticks from the tick in- 
fected ones. These cattle should be kept a short distance apart for 7 or 
8 days, after which the ones that have never developed any ticks may be 
turned in to a tick free pasture. In picking or cuifrying the ticks, the 
belly, base of udder and tail should be given special attention. Pick- 
ing must be done every other day till the first of November if cjattle are 
in tick pastures. 

Good results have been claimed by the use of 5 drams (5 teaspoon- 
fuls) of quinine in I/2 pint of water twice daily for each 1,000 pounds 
live weight. But generally speaking drug treatment of effected animals 
has not been very satisfactory. 

In southern states the U. S. government has cleaned what was once 
tick infected territory until now it is free of ticks. The method used is 
described in bulletin No. 78 of U. S. Department of Agricultr|re. \\ 
goes into detail of how to rid pastures of ticks under various conditions. 

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 

{Pasteiiellosis) (Corn Stalk Disease) 

FORMERLY PROBABLY KNOWN AS 

(Contagious Pneumonia) or (Lung Fever) 

Hemo:^rhagic Septicemia first received attention by the Ameridlan 
veterinarians about 1900. Before many years elapse there will be out- 
breaks in practically every community lof the corn belt if the malady 
spreads as rapidly in the next few yeajrs as it has spread since 1900. It 
is to be hoped the farmer will be more familiar with this disease than he 
was with contagious abortion and thereby avoid serious loss. 

Hemorrhagic Septicemia effects cattile, hogs, horses, chickens and 
sheep, but it is lare to find more than one class of farm animials effected 
on the same farm at the same time. That is, horses appar^tly do not 
take the disease readily from cattle. I Wave known of hogs eating the 
carcass of cattle that died of the disease without ill results where ihe 
farmer did not know the seriousness of the disease. However, I am 
not trying to establish that such is desirable practice. It should not be 



Hemorrhagic Septicemia 115 



tolerated in a community. The carcasses should either be deeply buried 
or bu/rned, and if moved from where they die they should not be drkgge^ 
over the ground as such tends to spread the disease. 

The disease is moire likely to occur in feeders that have had an 
entire change of ccndition as fee'd, water, and shelten. Cjpttle that 
have been in stock cars and yards also come in contact with the contagion. 
Again young cattle are more often purchased and it seems to effect 
cattle under three years more often than the mature cattle:. However 
in one outbreak in 1919 a mature cow in fair flesh became a victim of 
the disease and died. 

The shipping of cattle does not account for all outbreaks. I have 
come in contact with effected herds that have had no cattle brought into 
them that took the disease and losses occurred. 

I have about formed the conclusion that this disease germ is in the 
air the same as pneumonia and the weakened animals take the disease 
while more thrifty animals are more able to resist it. 

Most veterinarians hold that September to December are the most 
favorable months of the year for this disease, and many believe the so 
called corn stalk disease is really hemorrhagic septicemia, rathe^ than 
corn stalk or forage poisoning. The outbreak in St. Clair County, Mis- 
souri, came in the late spring months of 1919. 

The germs are supposed to gain entrance into the animal's body by 
the way of the organs of breathing, the digestive tract or wounds. 

SYMPTOMS 

Three forms of this disease are recognized. 

1 The form of localizing itself in the lungs and air pasages. 

n The intestinal form. 

HI The skin form. 

The last form I have never observed but the first and second fotm 
are quite frequent in all classes of farm animals. 

It is not infrequent to find the lung and intestinal form in the same 
animal at the same time. As I have observed this disease the animal 
usually dies within twenty-four hours after serious symptoms develop, 
however, Friedberger and Frohner state that the animal may live as 
long as five days. Less than ten per cent of the effected animals that 
d^elop serious symptoms recover. 

In the outbreaks which I have observed, quite a number of the ani- 
mals in the herd develop a dry short cough, as though they had taken a 



116 Hemorrhagic Septicemia 

cold. Quite a per cent of such animals \have a discharge of pus from 
the nostrils. However, all animals developing a cough do not develop 
hemorrhagic septicemia. The chief symptoms in the lung form are, 
loss of appetite, weakness, a dry short cough, breathing become^s more 
difficult as the case advances. High fever is usually present. With 
these symptoms may be mixed symptoms of the intestinal fojrm. 

After death, in the lung form, if the chest cavity is laid open by tak- 
ing an ax and breaking the ribs and laying the breast bone back over 
the abdomen, a portion of the lungs will be found red and apparently 
blood colored. The red portion sinks readily in water while the bal- 
ance of the lung will float in water. 

From one to several gallons of water may be found in the chest 
cavity. In other words, the lung form terminates in pneumonia but usu- 
ally the patient does not linger as long as in pneumonia. 

The intestinal form has somewhat better defined symptoms. The 
animal goes off feed, becomes dull, may moan and have colicky pains, 
sit on the haunches as a dog, may champ the jaws, may go in circles, 
which has led some to believe the disease is sometimes centralized in the 
central nervous system. The fever may be high or absent. In cattle, a 
diarrhoea usually developes, but before death the bowels may become 
ncirmal. In hogs in the bowel form they are often noticeably constipated 
In the chronic form of intestinal hemorrhagic septicemia the animal may 
linger several weeks and finally die of weakness or Tecover. ^ have ob- 
served young cattle and calves of effected herds that had all the nutri- 
tious feed they could eat and the best of care, that would remain thin, 
weak, and unthrifty for weeks after the first symptoms develop. Often 
bowell disorder or diarrohea would be present for a few days, 

(The Skin Form) 

In the skin form of hemorrhagic septicemia, swellings can be no- 
ticed on the dewlap under the throat and between the lower jaw biones. 
The tongue often swells to an enormous size. This form often termi- 
nates in the intestinal form, with the symptioms of that form. 

After death, in the skin form, red inflamed patches may be found 
undot the skin. Associated with the ruptured blood vessgils may be 
found a gold colored jelly like serum. Portions of this matter may be 
found in the lungs when the lungs are effected. 

TREATMENT 

Separate the sick and well animals. It is my opinion that any one 



Black Leg 117 

purchasing stock cattle will do well, especially during the fall months 
to have them immuned to this disease before they are shipped. 

There is a bactelrin for hemorrhagic septicemia which is very suc- 
cessful in keeping unaffected animals from taking the disease. As a 
preventative or to immune well animals a 2 mil, (2 cubic centimeter) 
or approximately (two-fifths of a teaspoonful) of the bacterin is injected 
with a hypodermic syringe under the loose skin of the neck in matujre 
cattle, A very convenient syringe for this purpose is shown on page 17, 
fig. (4, For effected animals a dose should be given every 48 hours till 
recov€^ry and where the herd is in a weakened condition, the well animals 
shiQuld receive a second dose after 5 days. 

This immunity apparently lasts for eight or nine months. These 
bacterins are for sale by drug houses listed in the last pages of this 
book or may be pi^rchased from Bioloigical houses as Parker Davis 
through the local druggist. 

BLACK LEG 

(Quarter III) 

This is the most prevalent of all diseases in young cattle. It oc- 
curs in all parts of the United States, but is more frequently met with 
west of the Mississippi river and east of the Rocky momitains. Upon 
some farms, vaccination must be done every year to prevent the disease, 
while on adjoining farms black-leg has never been knio,wn. My ex- 
perience has been that the disease is more prevalent in March, April, 
May, September, October, and November, but some writers give June, 
July and August as the months the disease is most prevalent, 

Tihe disease is caused by a getrm which can be found in the passages 
of diseased animals, soil and water. 

This germ (bacteria) is very hard to kill, since it goes into a spore 
or shell stage and resists disinfectants. 

In the shell stage, it will live several years if unmolested which ac- 
counts for the appearance of the disease year after year on many farms. 

It requires 1 pint of carboic acid to 1 gallon of water to kill the 
germs of this disease, 1-5000 of corrosive sublimate will effectively kill 
the germs of the disease. 

Nearly every writer classes this as a non-contagious disease. That 
is to say, a healthy animal will not take the disease from a- sick one. 
It is assumed to be an infectious disease. That is, the germ enters the 
body through cuts and abrasions of the skin, hollow tooth cavities, etc. 



118 Black Leg 

I know that if one animal of a herd gets black-leg, other of black- 
leg age are more than likelly to take the disease in a few days, whether 
they have lost any teeth or not. I am of the opinion it will be an estab- 
lished fact some day that a well animal can develop the disease by being 
in contart with a sick animal. It may be by introduction of the body 
wastes of sick animals into the system or due to the breath. In my opin- 
ion this disease is as frequent on well drained soils as any other kind of 
soil. 

SYMPTOMS 

This disease seldom attacks calves under four months old or over 
two years old. The healthier and thriftier calves seem to be more sus- 
ceptible to the disease than others. Loss of appetite, stupidness and fe- 
ver are the first symptoms and usually pass unnoticed. The first noti- 
ceable symptoms is lameness, which may at first be mistaken for a sprain. 
In a few hours the lameness becomes noticeably wc|(rse and the animal 
lays down, bloats, breathing becomes difficult, followed by rigidity of 
the muscles, and saliva comes from the mouth. The muscles at first are 
tender and sensitive to pressure, but later on in the disease, an incision 
may be made into the skin with little pain to the beast. 

Some writetrs speak of swollen patches above the knees and on the 
muscles of the legs, neck and shoulders. I have seen such swellings, 
but I would say they are rare. 

When the skin is grasped in the hand, a crackling noise can be heard 
much like that when tissue paper is crushed in the hand. This is due to 
(g'as and dryness undftr the skin. After the animal dies many gas bub- 
bles can be found under the skin, especially on the legs and neck. Death 
occurs in from 15 hours to 3 days after the first symptoms appear. Re- 
covery is very rare in black leg. Hemorrhagic septicemia and black leg 
may be confused. Hemorrhagic septicemia effects cattle and calves and 
has no crackling sound as is found in black leg. 

TREATMENT 

Treatment of the effected animals is useless, however the well ones 
should be vaccinated, as a high per cent of them can be saved. On 
farms where black leg occurs, it is necessary to vaccinate at least Oince a 
year and preferably twice a year, since calves over six months are likely 
to take the disease. The U. S. Department of Agriculture will fu(rnish 
dependable vaccine free of charge. A complete vaccinating outfit can 



Tuberculosis 119. 



be obtained from Z. D. Gillman, Washington, D. C. Veterinary supply 
hoiuses on the last pages of this book have outfits and vaccine for sale. 
Black leg vaccine can be bought at nearly all drug stc\res if it must 
be obtained immediately. The sooner the well animals of an infected 
herd are vaccinated the more calves there will be saved. 

TUBERCULOSIS 

(Consumption of Cattle) 

CAUSES AND GENERAL DISCUSSION 

Tuberculosis effects pralc!licall|y .1^11 domestid animals, 'but cattla, 
hogs and poultry seem to be more susceptible to tubei|rculosis than other 
farm animals. The disease is caused by a bacteria about .00005905 of 
an inch wide and about .0001181 of an inch in length, which is about 
the average size of bacteria. Such a minute organism is visible only 
with a modern high powered microscope. Tuberculiosis is v^y rare, 
among cattle that range on the plains. Not that plain cattle are immune 
but its frequency increases in proportion to the amount the cattle aire 
confined and housed. Therefore it is more frequent among dairy herds 
than beef herds. However, it does not follow that beef cattle are never 
effected, for when the tuberculin test is applied, a much higher per cent 
of beef cattle react than is generally supposed by the uninformed public. 
Some of the very best beef herds of the Qorn belt have been found to be 
rotten with tuberculosis. 

One effected cow introduced into a healthy herd of confined cattle 
may infect a herd of either beef or dairy cattle, until as many as eighty 
per cent of the cattle will react to the tuberculin test. 

Cattle effected with tuberculosis throw the germs out of the body 
with the expired air, bowel passages and when the udder is effected the 
tubercular bacteria are in the milk before it leaves the animal body. 

About seventy-five per cent of the catile reacting over which post 
miortems have been held have shown tuberculosis of the lungs. It is pro- 
bable that the bacteria enter tbe animal's body more often with the in- 
spired air than by any other course, although it is not necessarily so. 
When we consider that all organs of the body except the teeth have been 
found tubercular, it naturally follows that an effected organ is not neces- 
sarily the route by which the germs have entered the body. 



120 Tuberculosis 



A cow effected with tuberculosis of the lungs coughs chiefly at feed- 
ing and watering times, which is especially noticeable after exertion. 
If an effected animal happens to be in front of a healthy animal at feed- 
ing or watering time ajid the effected animal oaughs the spray from her 
moutli into the nosUils of the healthy animal, the healthy animal has a 
good chance to become infected. In the same way it is possible for an 
infected animal to infect the water or feed of healthy animals. Where 
animals are closely confined, the spray may be carried by dust particles, 
since a dust particle is in size to bacteria as an aeroplane is to a man. 
About 50 per cent of the tubercular cattle have the disease in the intes- 
tinal canal. As inferred above, a tubercular animal may infect food by 
breathing or coughing, especially in close quarters. Infection does not 
occur so often in the open pastures for sunlight soon kills tubercular 
bacteria, but they will live many months out of sunlight. Many ani- 
mals effected after they are killed show tuberculosis in more than one 
organ. That is, the same cow often has the lungs and intestines both 
effected, due probably to swallowing lung expectorate. 

SYMPTOMS 

Tuberculosis takes a chronic course in cattle and symptoms do not 
develope till the disease is well advanced. Fully eighty-five per cent of 
the cattle that react to the tuberculin test have no symptoms of tuber- 
losis or any other disease, but after slaughter, the disease can be faund 
in one or more organs of the body. 

The lung form of tuberculosis is priobably accompanied by more 
accurate symptoms than are found when any other organ is effected. A 
weak, slow, dull, dry cough at feeding and watering time is probably 
the most noticeable symptom. This cough is accompanied usually with 
one or more of the following symptoms. The hide is leather like, the 
hair stands erect, sunken eyes, and cows are usually hard to keep in con- 
dition, but the appetite is not lost till the very last stages of the disease. 

In the worst intestinal form, an incurable diarrohea or constipation 
developes in the last days of the disease. 

The symptoms of other forms of tuberculosis are variable in the 
different organs, and I do not consider a discussion of the same would 
be of any advantage. 

The tuberculin test for tuberculosis is very reliable and is the only 
certain way to diagnose the disease, provided the animals are stabled 




Tuberculosis of the omentum or caul. The picture shows 
another form of "pearl disease," in which each nodule is about 
the size of a grape and is composed of a large number of small- 
er nodules which have grown together. 




Section of a tuberculous lung from a cow. The picture 
shows numerous nearly round tuberculous nodules, one large 
tuberculous cavity, and several air tubes that extend from tuber- 
culous nodules that are softening and breaking down. When 
tuberculous nodules in the lungs break down the material of 
which they are composed, and which contains millions of tuber- 
culosis germs is coughed up. Some of the germs are sprayed 
from the mouth and others are swallowed and discharged with 
the dung. 



Tuberculosis 121 



and have become used to the surroundings. However, if an animal is ex- 
cited while making the tuberculin test, the excitement may cause a rise 
in the temperature, thereby making the animal appear tuberculin. On 
the other hand, very severe cases will niot always react, but usually suf- 
ficient symptoms can be seen to warrant an ins|)ection of the lungs, ud- 
der, bladder, etc. Most any one can make the test accurately. 

I Take the temperature of each animal according to their No's, at 
least three times at intervals of tV^e hours before any tubtrculin is in- 
jected. This is done to ^et the normal temperature of the cow by the 
way of the rectum. 

II Wash the skin at the point where the tuberculin is to be injected 
with dip water before the injection. Inject the tuberculin with a hol- 
low needle syVinge in the loose skin of the neck. Make the injection at 
8 p. m. 

III Record the temperature of all cattle nine hours after the in- 
jection is made and every 3 hours for 16 hours after the injection is 
made. 

IV If the temperature does not rise within 16 hours after the in- 
jection, the cow may be turned loose. However, if the temperature 
'shows an upward tendency continue to take the temperature until the 
rise ceases. 

V If the temperature rises before the sixteenth hoijr the taking of 
the temperature should be continued till a fall of temperature begins. 

VI A sudden change of temperature surrounding the cattle will 
make an inacurate test. 

VII The test is not reliable if a coiW is in febrile condition. 

VIII Cows that aire far advanced in pregnancy or that have just 
calved do not give a reliable test. 

IX Calves under six months should not be tested. 

X If retests are made, or in old emaciated animals, twice the reg- 
ular dose should be used. 

XI Cattle proving tuberculin, that is if the temperature rises more 
than 2 degrees over the highest temperature taken before the tuberculin 
was injected, should be kept away fVom healthy Cchtle, and marked tu- 
berculin. Cloudy tuberculin is unreliable. 

The temperature in the majority of cases rises between the 6th and 
12th hour after the injection. 

Cattle that have tuberculosis in the worst form do not show a very 



122 Tuberculosis 



decided rise in temperature. Healthy animals show no reaction at all 
or at most a very slight reaction. No animal with a normal tempera- 
tujre of over 103 is fit to test for tuberculosis. 

Prevention of Tuberculosis 

Under ordinary conditions a course of treatment is not advisable be- 
cause of the danger of spreading the disease to oth6(r stock. Out door 
life night and day with an open shed for shelter is probably the most 
effective treatment. 

All calves using milk of tuberculosis cows should have their milk 
boiled, and such milk should not be used for family use. 

Barns where tuberculosis cattle have been should be thoroughly 
cleaned after the cattle are removed and all parts of the building wasihed 
with 1 gallon of formaldehyde to twenty of water. New cattle should 
not be purchased unless they have had the tuberculin test and passed. 
If more people required it there would soon be a great reduction in tu- 
berculosis. 

Facts About Tuberculosis 

I One seventh of the human deaths are due to tuberculosis. 

II That scientific men have made sufficient study of the relation of 
bovine and human tuberculosis to draw an accurate conclusion. 

m Out of authentic tests, east of the Missouri river, covering 15 
years, approximately 10 per cent of the number of cattle tested have 
proven tubelrcular. 

IV That bovine or the kind of tuberculosis effecting cattle is fatal 
quite often to children, fed cows' milk. 

V There are con^ant opporttunlities of transmitting tubpnculosi^ 
to childlien. 

VI The germs are in the air of the buildings housing tuberculin cows 
and often get in clean cows milk. 

VII Investigations have shown that about two tuberculin cows out 
of nine pass the germs in the milk as it is drawn from the udder. 

Relation of Bovine Tuberculosis to the Human Family 
Dr. Park of the New York City board of health has probably made 
a more extensive study of the relation of bovine tuberculosis to the hu- 
man family than any one else in the United States. His yejirs of study 
are briefly summarized as follows. 

15 cases of tuberculosis out of 955 cases of tuberculosis in adults 



Tuberculosis Transmitted to People 123 

examined proved to be of bovine origin. 

In children between 5 and IC years old, bovine infections were 
found in 46 instances out of 177 cases examined. Out of 252 cases un- 
dqr 5 years .of age, 201 were infected with human tuberculosis and 51 
with the bovine type of infection, or approximately 20 per cent of the 
deaths showed bovine infection. 

According to Dr. Park's investigation as well as tlie investigations 
of many other scientific men prove that bovine tuberculosis is not of as 
much importance as the human type of tube/l-culosis to man still it is no 
negligible matter. I can. see no difference between poisoning a child 
with such disease germs that can soley be prevented by the tuberculin 
test and sanitation than using any other method of careless destruction. 
Then it becomes of interest to know- how infection gets into the milk, the 
most wholesome food known when it is puire, but when it is impure the 
most deplorable source of contamination known. 

I By the cow passing the germs in the milk as it is drawn from 
the udder. 

II By germs being in the air of a barn, housing tubercular cows. 
By particles of soil or manure, and it makes no difference how small 

that particle or paHicles may be, if it falls from the udder, teats, flank 
or tail into the milk pail, it may be carried by the milk to the child. 
These particles get the tubercular germs in the barn or lots by the cough 
of an infected oo,w, or hj being soiled by bowel passages. 

In my opinion, the last two methods are the most frequent sources 
of infection. Such contaminatioji of milk is disagreeable to think about 
but nevertheless is of too much importance to be ignored. 
Human Tuberculosis and the Public 

In my :0,pinion, the pujilic is not sufficiently concerned about the 
subject of tuberculosis. When the world knocked at our door for a toll 
of the young manhood, a cloud of grief hung over our land. The 50,000 
lives which it cost us were, to say the least, spent in a cause which no 
man could apparently prevent, yet the loss of life was deplorable to 
tihink about. But 150,000 lives are lost annually in the United States 
by tuberculosis, and a large number of such deaths could be prevented 
by understanding how the disease goes from individual to individual. 
If an enemy was to kill off^ indiscriminately that many young babes, young 
people, etc., we would spend millions to conquer them, but when its 
tuberculosis, the public is not sufficiently interested. 



124 Milk Fever 



When men beooime as interested to know how tuberculosis kills peo- 
ple as modern methods of warfare, then the enemy will soon be con- 
quered, in the human family. We are spending some money to contOTiol 
the disease among cattle, but as yet we have not taken active steps to 
control the disease among people. 

The following facts are of interest in the control of human tuber- 
culosis. 

a One seventh of the deaths in the United States are due to tuber- 
culosis. 

b The germs have been known to live 7 months outside of man's 
body. 

c Liquids containing tuberculosis must be boiled 3 minutes to 
kill the germs- 

d Sunlight is effective to aid in killing germs in the home or barn. 

e The air surrounding a consumptive patient is filled with germs. 

f The knives, forks, drinking utensils, etc., and in fact anything 
coming in contact with portions of the body or garments of a consump- 
tive often becomes contaminated and may carry germs to a well person. 

g A consumptive cough and sputum carries g^rms by the thou- 
sands and they should cough in a rag as well as spit in one and the same 
alhould be burned. 

h Many people are prone to believe the above preventions are 
foolish, not knowing that a child living with a consumptive parent may 
take the disease into the lungs or intestines and not show malrked symp- 
toms fiox years, yet the disease is slowly progressing and before long the 
young; man or lad^ is attacked with tuberculosis and all wonder where 
it came firom and if it is inherited. See if there isn't a record of such a 
case in your community and take warning. 

i There is a tubercular hiome provided in most states where the 
best of treatment is provided and some cases cured. This is the place 
for persons suffering from tuberculosis, where they cannot give the di- 
sease to others. 

MILK FEVER 

{Parmriation Fever) {Parturient Paresis) 

This disease is peculiar to cows bred to yield a large capacity of 
milk. It most often occuars within forty-eight hours after the calf is 




An apparently healthy cow affected with tuberculos's. She 
does not cough, hcff appetite is good, she seems strong and 
vigorous, and gives ^n unusually large quantity of milk. At 
the time the picture was taken it was known that she had been 
tuberculous at least four years and that she had been passing 
large numbers of tuberculosis germs from her body at least 
three years. Since it first became known that the cow was dis- 
eased she has given birth to four calves. 




A ccw affected with long-standing, advanced tuberculosis, 
with large tuberculous swellings in the udder. A year before 
the picture was taken the cow was discovered to have udder tu- 
berculosis. This discovery was made by injecting some of her 
milk into guinea pigs; there was nothing in the appearance or 
external condition of the udder at first to show that it was dis- 
eased. How very dangerous such cows are may be judged from 
the fact that calves that are permitted to drink milk from tuber- 
culous udders only a single time are almost certain to have tu- 
berculosis. A small amount of milk from cows like those in 
the above picture and in figure 4 mixed with the milk of other 
cows will make the whole of it dangerous for both persons and 
lower animals. 



Milk Fever 125 



born. Cases have been known to develop immediately before calving, 
and several weeks after calving, however such cases are rare. Milk 
fever is never seen in heifers and is rarely seen in aged cows. Cows 
having a large digestive capacity and three to seven years old and re- 
ceiving an abundance of food are the ones most often attacked. Quick 
and easy birth of the calf are favorable to the development of milk 
fever. 

Milk fever is more likely to occur in a warm stable or in the sum- 
mer time especially after an electrical storm. One attack of milk fever 
does not make a cow immune to following attacks. The exact cause of 
milk fever is not known. Some believe the disease is due to a poison de- 
veloped in the udder by bacteria. Some believe the symptoms are due 
to poison developing in the uterus. 

SYMPTOMS 

Milk fever is a very easy disease to distinguish, since there is no 
similar disease fo'UiOiWing ea^y calving. -> Occasionally it maty require 
th^ee or four days for the symptoms to fully develop, but the symptoms 
usually fully develop within 30 hours. The cow shows unmistakeable 
signs of paralysis, particularly in the organs of locomotioin, bowels and kid- 
neys. That i&, the cow reels, staggers and inay even fall to the ground. 
Passages ^do not come from the bowels or kidneys, and the cow bloats. 
The head is swung arbiind to the side or stretched out flat on the ground. 
In some cases, a sticky discharge comes from the nostrils. The eyes 
are dull and bluflred. The animail may become entirely insensible. The 
cow persists in keeping the head turned around to the side when she is 
down. Colicky pains and nervousness kre often evidenced. 

TREATMENT 

To reduce the feed prior to and for a few days after calving in 
heavy milkers aids in preventing the disease. Cafving in cool places 
may aid in the prevention of milk fever. 

The treatment for milk fev(^r consists in keeping the udder tightly 
inflated with sterile air till recovery takes place. Milk fever outfits con- 
sisting of an air pump rubbur tube and teat tube and may be bought of 
veterinary supply houses or mail order houses. For such an loutfit to be 
safe to use, it should have a place for su'rgical cotton in it. That is, air 
contains bacteria and these must be filtered out or reduced in number by 
pumping the air that goes into the quarters of the uddqr through sterile 



126 Piles 

cotton. 10 to 15 drops of camphor and 1-3 as much ether should be 
placed on the cotton in the pump before any air is pumped into the ud- 
der. Ijreatment by inflating the udder with air is dangerous unlesg the 
hands of the operator are absolutely clean. The milk fever outfit must be 
bailed for 20 minutes before it is used and carried to the cow in a 
previously boiled towel. Wlien the cow is reached, one man should 
wash the teats and udder with soap water and dry them. The man with 
the clean hands should unwrap the milk fever outfit and insert the teat 
tube in a teat and fill the qua/fters with air till it is good and firm, filling 
one quarter at a time. I do not favor drawing the milk from the udder 
before filling the udder with air. 

If the teats do not retain the inflated air they may be tied with a 
muslin bandage so the air cannot escape. Relief should take place if 
the treatment is properly given, in less than one hour. If relief is not 
attained, the uddar should be inflated with air. If the proper steriliza- 
tion and cleanliness is not followed as above outlined, infection may get 
into the udder and one or more quarters be lost. In cases the infection 
or germs o,f the air may kill the cow. 

Ninety to ninety-five per cent of the cases should .recover if properly 
treated. The cow seldom lives longer than three days if treatment is 
not given. A pound of epsom salts and 2 to 3 drams of creolin may be 
given as a drench to loosen up the bowels and act as an antiseptic to the 
bowels or 15 grains 1-5 - 1-4 of a teaspoonful of barium chloTide, 15 
grains, 1-5 - 1-4 teaspoonful of tartar emetic may be given. 

The above is a good laxative dose given in a capsule for a cow that 
has recovered from milk fever to avoid constipation. Such drugs should 
be given once as soon as the co,w gets up and repeated in 12 hours. 

No milk should be drawn firom a cow that recovers under 24 hours 
and only small amounts should be drawn for 4 or 5 days. To keep the 
the udder full seems to ward off another attack or back set. 

PILES 

(Prolapse of the Rectum) 

Piles is not a very common disease among cattle. It is usually 
caused by straining or a course, dry, and irritant feed. 

TREATMENT 

Feed a laxative diet as oil meal, bran, alfalfa or clover hay. In 



Mange 127 

the larger cattle, one or two pints of raw linseed oil is very beneficial. 
It not only prevents straining when the bowels move but helps to keep 
the stiches f'rom tearing out. It is best to postpone treatment until the 
laxitaves have acted if practical. However in some cases treatment can- 
not be postponed. The best treatment for piles in cattle is to gently 
wash the protruding parts of the rectum with alum water and soap, dry 
with a towel and sprinkle it over with sugar, gently press the parts back 
into the body cavity. Have on hand a cobblclr's sewinig thread doubled 
several times and well waxed and tlireaded in a needle dipped in a strong 
solution of dip or carbolic acid. A stich is to be taken across the anus 
sewing the lips of the same togetlher. Do not draw the stiches tight 
enough to interfere with the bowel passages. After 4 or 5 days the rec- 
tum usually stays in place if the cow is fed a laxative di^t. This opera- 
tion is quicker and safer than surgery. 

MANGE 

(Scabies of Cattle) 
This is quite similar to sheep scab but the two are not the same. 
It is not as prevalent as sheep scab. It is caused by a minute organism 
(mite) that can be seen on the effected animals by the aid of ai hand 
reading glass. The mite in appearance resembles a spider. It effects 
chiefly middle aged cattle. 

SYMPTOMS 

This mite bothers the herds in cold weather causing the hair to come 
off and the animals may rub the effected p.lrts so severely that bleeding 
or tearing of the skin occurs. The Jiair comes off of the animals at the 
time it is most needed. The skin of the neck and shoulders becomes 
wrinkled. 

TREATMENT 

Make a lime sulphur dip as recommended for sheep scab and ap- 
ply it liberally with a brush or cloth. The state veterinarian and his 
deputies are paid by the people to render assistance in this disease. This 
service will be beneficial. 

PINK EYE 

(Infectious Opthalmia) 
There is more or less pink eye throughout the country each year. 
The infection of this disease is, beyond a doubt, carried by flies, hence 



128 Blue and Stringy Milk 

the difficulty of eliminating it from a herd until the fly season is o.ver. 
Flies carry the disease from neighboring herds or newly introduced ef- 
fected animals. The eyes water matter and often turn blue. Sometimes 
effected animals lose the sight of the eye. 

TREATMENT 

While this disease cannot be eliminated it can be controlled in se- 
verity, by using boric acid water. Take 3 level teaspoonfuls of boric 
acid, moisten with watdr and work to a moist dough with the fingers, 
add enough water to make one pint. Rope the effected animals to a 
post and gently syringe out the effected eyes each morning. If done in 
the morning, it wards off the attack and irritation of flies. By syring- 
ing in the mornings the full effect of the medicine is in fdrce during the 
light of the day 9nd has a soothing effect. My experience with pink 
eye has led me to believe that boric acid water makes the disease less 
severe and hastens its termination. 

BLUE MILK 

Blue milk may be caused bv a stagnant water snnnlv. dTk hous- 
ing of the cows or wmrm and moist weather. It is more often caused by 
a germ that harbors in the teats. 

TREATMENT 

If it is due to water or housing, the conditions should be changed. 
If it is due to bacteria, take a small, blunt pointed syringe and injfect 
in the effected teats a few svringe fulls of a solution made by mixing 2 
dirams of sodium hyposulphate in one pint of water. 

This may or may not be noticeable at milking time. When it can 
be detected in a cow as she is milked it is probably a local infection that 
nn be oA'erroTne bv anplving camphor and lard, equal parts. See dn- 
fl'mmntion of the Udder.) Massage the udder with the hands. Hot 
pnd rold rloihs and liniments, or Venice Titrpentine, may aid in reducing 
the swelling. 

TVipn tli«rp'« another kind of strinsv milk that is not noticeable at 
'Ur- \'pp fVe n^ilk is drawn but develops after the milk has set a few 
>,o"!'-=. TV,,".; m^v be (^^^p 1o moldv f^ed or weeds Cattle e^t in the field 
or the water supplv. Secure a sample of milk from a neighbor, place 
Fomp of the w^tpr of the effected cattle in it and see if it becomes stringy. 



Inflation and Bruises 129 

in a few hours. Salt may be beneficial if given to cattle, giving stringy 
milk. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER 

{Garget) {Infectious Mastitis) 

This is caused by bacteria that thrive in filth as filthy stables and 
mud holes. The infection may enter through a wound in the uddea: or 
through the openings of the teats. Tuberculosis sometimes causes hard- 
ening of the udder but develops slower than garget. 

. SYMPTOMS 

The cow may lose the power of milk secretion or watery milk may 
be given from one or more quarters. The udder becomes inflamed or 
swollen and feverish and the teats become very sore. The condition usu- 
ally improves if proper attention is given it. If proper attention is not 
given, fibrous tissue may form and leave a caked udder, or pus may con- 
tinue to form in some cases and a portion of the udder may rot away or 
blood poison may develop and death follow. 

TREATMENT 

Rub equal parts of lard and camphoi- on the affected part three 
times daily. Hot and cold cloths applied alternately and hand massag- 
ing often helps to stimulate blood circulation to the effected part. An 
antiphlogistine pack supported in place aids in scattering the poisonous 
pus. Keep the udder empty by milking. 

The sore teats may be healed by an ointment made of 

14 parts lard, vaseline or cocoa butter 

2 parts camphor 

1 part turpentine 

Rub the above on the teats twice daily. 

SPRAINS, BRUISES AND LOCAL INFLAM- 
MATION 

{Swelling) 

Sprains of the ankles, swellings from bruises, etc., occasionally oc- 
cur in cattle. When such inflammation occurs the effected part should 
be massaged by hand rubbing two or three times daily and have a mild 



130 Dehorning 



lineament or Spanish fly blister, 1 part Spanish fly to 5 or 6 parts of 
lard applied two or three times at intervals of 15 or 20 hours. 

Nothing can be done that is any better than to rub the part well. 
Apply hot cloths out of boiling water allowed to cool and app'y as hot 
as the animal will stand it, inqreasing the heat every time the cloth is 
renewed. 15 or 20 minutes of such bathing should be given. Then 
apply a very mild plaster of Spanish fly 1 part, lard 6 or 7 pafts and 
wrap the wound up in a c ose fitting, (not tight) cotton bandage. Any of 
the above induce the blood to come to the eff"ected joints to equalize body 
temperature and the excess of blood aids in carrying away the poisons 
or (inflammation.) 

In rheumatism, a milder blister is preferable, while in sprains, etc., 
we usually prefer a stronger blister and treatment not repeated so often. 

Hot fomentations or rubbing intensifies or makes the eff"ects of the 
blister stronger. 

DEHORNING 

Some people prefer to dehorn their cattle when they are calves, 
others prefer to dehorn when they are six months older. 

THE DRUG METHOD 

Stick caustic potash may be used quite successfully if the calf is 
not over three days old. The calf should be laid on its side, the hair 
clipped over the horns and with a stick of caustic potash previously dip- 
ped in water, rub the site of the horn for ten seconds. Then apply the 
dampened potash to the other horn for 10 seconds. Then apply again 
to the first horn treated and then again to the second horn treated. Smear 
vaseline where it is not desired to have the d(rug remove the hair 

THE CUTTER METHOD 

Secure the calf and with a special instrument made especially for 
dehorning calves before they are three days old ca'led a dehorning cut- 
ter which fits right down to the base of the horn. With this instrument 
practically all the horn can be removed quite successfully. Tincture of 
iodine should be painted on the wound after this operation. 

.THE SAW AND CUTTER METHOD 

These methods are used after the calf has become several months 
pld. First clip the hair around the base of the horn as close to the head 



Rheumatism 131 



as possible. Then wash with a solution of iodine water, 1 ounce (2 ta- 
blespoonfuls) of the iodine to y^ gallon of water. To clip the hair en- 
ables the operator to see better where he is sawing and to wash the clip- 
ped head according to my experience, eliminates the pus cases. In 
other words there should be no horns run pus if the clipping and wash- 
ing is properly done and nothing but a clean saw or clippers are used. 
Good results cannot be expected if the saw is thrown down in the dirt 
after each horn is removed. 

The horn should have a narrow ring of hair entirely encircling the 
base after it is removed. A close wound not only heals quicker but 
there is less likelyhood of the reappearance of the horns. Apply iodine 
water to the wound after the horn is removed. 

RHEUMATISM 

{Inflammation of the Muscles and Joints) 

Rheumatism may assume an acute or a chronic course. In the 
acute form, the pain may shift from joint to joint. It is not always pos- 
sible to tell whether the disease is one of the muscles or of the joints. 
When the joints are effected it is sometimes called articular rheumatism. 
The muscles of the hips, shoulders, loins, abdomen and jaws are the ones 
most often effected. Animals that have had the disease are more likely 
to develop the disease again. Generalized rheumatism often ends in 
death. Animals that recover are often stiff in the limbs. 

CAUSES 

The exact cause of rheumatism is not well established. 

One of the most recent theories is that rheumatism of the joints is 
an infectious disease. That it is caused by disease producing bacteria 
which enter the body and get into the blood causing the pain by the 
poisons which they give off. 

Some believe rheuniatism is caused by the accumulation of acid in 
the blood. Others believe the disease is caused by strains, etc. 

While the exact and specific causes are unknown, there are some fac- 
tors inducive to the disease upon which most authorities agree. Among 
these factors are damp, cold quarters, allowing animals to cool off rap- 
idlv after severe exertion, etc. An animal that has been fed lots of feed 
and pampered and is suddenly changed to a light diet and exposure is 
a good subject for the disease. To a limited degree rheumatism seemf 



132 Rheumatism 



to be heredatary. 

SYMPTOMS 

As this disease is both acute and chronic, the symptoms may come 
on very rapid or may be slow in developing. Occasionally acute symp- 
toms as colicky pains appear in the chronic form of the disease. The 
joint form of rheumatism is usual y acute while the muscular form is 
more often chronic. The joint or muscular form of the disease niay 
shift from one muscle or joint to another joint or muscle, or it may be 
apparently firmly well seated in the hips or loins or elsewhere. 

In the acute form, hot painful swellings generally develop at the 
base of the trouble, however, such swellings are not always present. 

The muscles of the hips, shoulders, loins, jaws and abdomen are 
the ones most frequently effected. 

Stiffness soon manifests itself and in rare cases the sytnptoms of 
brain trouble as cerebro spinal menhigitis develop. 

TREATMENT 

Keep the animal comfortable and avoid change of stable tempera- 
ture. Give the effected cow plenty of straw bedding, water and laxa- 
tive feeds as oats, bran, clover hay, oil meal, etc., as there is a tendency 
f0r rheumatic animals to become constipated, especially if the muscles 
of the abdomen are effected. In severe constipation l/^ to 1 lb. of salts 
may be given depending on the size of the animal, and the severity of 
the constipation. 

Where the joints or loins are swollen they should be treated as in- 
dicated under the treatment for sprains and inflamation, page 129. No 
medical treatment is superior. - 

MEDICAL TREATMENT 

Salicylate of soda, 1 ounce (2 tablespoonfuls), three times daily 
in one pint of luke warm water gives good results in chronic rheuma- 
tism. 

Friedberger & Frohner recommend muscular injection of veratrine 
in 34 to 11/2 grain doses in 15 to 30 drops of rectified spirits daily for 4 
or 5 days and then omitting a day. The dose should start with % of a 
grain for 1200 pounds live weight and be increased 1-6 grain each dose 
following, but should never exceed iy2 grains per dose. The injec- 
tions are made into the muscles of the shoulder with a hypodermic needle 



Lice 133 

syringe. If too much of the drug is being used the animal will sweat 
profusely, try to vomit, flow saliva, indicate severe pain and have symp- 
toms of choking and spasms may be indicated. 1 ounce (2 tablespoon- 
fuls) of 10 per cent solution of ammonia or three or four pints of cof- 
fee are the antidotes for poisoning, but if directions above are followed 
and the animal is exercised for a while after each injection poisoning is 
not likely to occur in a severe form. However, mild symptoms of ejt- 
citement may develop occasionally after giving veratrine. 

LICE INFECTED CATTLE 

Lice may cause an unthrifty condition in cattle, however death due 
soley to lice is not unknown. I am of the opinion that the loss in gains 
and loss by death from lice is larger than most people think. This is 
especially true among cattle under one year old. 

There are blue and red lice that effect cattle. The blue lice are 
more frequently met with thaii the red ones. The blue lice sucks the 
blood while the red lice bite. Lice are found in the greatest numbers 
on the muzzle, head, neck, shoulders and/ along the spine. Lice are 
more often met with when the cattle are kept in barns a large portion of 
the time. 

TREATMENT 

In cold weather when dips can not be used a large number of the 
parasites can be killed by brushing the calfs head, neck, shoulders and 
spine with equal parts of lard and coal oil. In warm weather, one 
gallon of dip to 25 or 30 gallon of water should be sprinkled over the 
entire body till all parts are moist with the solution. Since lice lay eggs 
it is necessary to repeat the treatment in ten days to kill the lice that 
hatch aft(<r the first treatment. 



FLY BLOW. MAGGOTS 

The blow fly often deposits its eggs in open wounds of the flesh, and 
in a very few days these eggs develop into a larvae which feeds upon 
the flesh of the open wound eating and growing very rapidly. Such 
wounds are not always easy to heal if the maggots have been in it for 
several days. 



134 Fly Blow 

TREATMENT 

Generally in such flesh wounds the maggots can all be removed with 
the hand or by the us© of a shaving which is the most practical method 
to pursue. To find 2^4 antiseptic or drug that will destroy the maggot 
and not injure the wound is not as easy as some people think. Mag- 
gots will live from 10 to 18 hours in a 1-1000 solution of corrosive sub- 
limate or bichloride of mercury so ution. 

It requires several hours for maggots to die in a solution of equal 
parts of taw oil and gasoline. 

Carbolic acid and turpentine can not be used on open flesh wounds 
sufficiently strong to kill the maggots in a reasonable length of time with- 
out injury to the wound. Pure gasoline will kill maggots placed in it 
in from three to ten minutes and will not injure woimds and may be 
used freely. It is the most efficient treatment in deep flesh wounds where 
all the maggots can not be seen. In such cases the wounds should have 
pure pine tar to which two teaspoonfuls of creolin have been added to 
each one third pint, applied to it every day to keep away the flies. Pure 
turpentine may be used in the horns of cattle. 



Hog Cholera 135 



HOG DEPARTMENT 



HOG CHOLERA 

{Swine Fever) 

Improperly Called {Mixed Infection) {Swine Plague) 

{Hemorrhagic Septicemia) , {Pneumonia) 

Hog cholera is a very contagious disease. No breed of hogs are 
immune or refuse to take the disease. The annual average loss from 
cholera alone is about $50,000,000 dollars. I believe that at least 75 per 
cent of such losses can be prevented, and I think that a majority of ex- 
periment station men will agree. 

To date, the bacteriologists have not been able to isolate one or more 
organisms (bacteria) and prove that they are the cause of hog cholera. 
Until some one proves it other-wise and for all practical purposes it can 
well be considered to be a bacterial disease! capable of exceptionally 
rapid multiplication in the hog's body. 

SYMPTOMS 

Hog cholera is more prevalent during the late sununer and the fall 
months. There is no disease of hogs in the com belt carried from farm 
to farm that kills off hogs like hog cholera. At this very time some 
writers of veterinary literature have a great dead to say about hemorr- 
hagic septicemia, mixed infection, pneumonia, swine plague, influenza 
and other diseases of swine leading one to believe such diseases are of 
as much importance as hog cholera. 

If the raisers of hogs or the veterinarian is led to believe such di- 
seases are of importance they will become confused and not only be try- 
ing to establish a new swine disease for his community, (which is the 
stimibling block of both veterinarians and farmers) but a great deal of 
valuable time will be lost while the hogs continue to die. When these 



136 Hog Cholera 



new diseases become of sufficient importance that attention should be 
given to them, I have no doubt the experiment station and the U. S. 
Dep't. of Agriculture will call the farmer's attention to them. When 
hogs are dying in a community in numbers with symptoms of hog chol- 
era and the lesions of cholera are found on the various organs after 
death, the thing for the farmer to immediately get interested in is a good 
anti hog cholera serum used in liberal doses. There are many concerns 
making serum and because you have immuned your hogs and they con- 
tinue to die do not be too easily led into believing that you have some 
other disease than hog cholera. However there are rare cases where 
hemorrhagic septicemia follows cholera, especially where the quarters 
are dusty or the weather is wet. Then hemorrhagic septicemia bacterin 
for swine should be used. See cattle department for the description of 
this malady. 

There are a multitude of products on the market to prevent hog 
cholera. No attention should be given to such products or those sup- 
posed to prevent or cure diseases supposed to closely resemble hog chol- 
era, when thrifty hogs are dying as they do in hog cholera. To date, 
most experiment stations and the U. S. Dep't. of Agriculture have not 
found such diseases and products of sufficient importance to deserve par- 
ticular attention. 

Cholera may assume an acute or chronic form. That is to say, the 
hogs may die soon after they take ill or linger for several days. The 
symptoms do not differ in the two forms except in the length of time the 
hog lives after it takes sick. 

Hog cholera usually develops in from 4 to 18 days after the germ 
enters the hogs body. Because you do not find from three to six dead 
hogs every morning that showed no sickness the previous night, do not 
form the conclusion you haven't got hog cholera. The hogs may drop 
off several days apart with hog cholera. The disease usualiv appears 
in ihe acute form but may run into a chronic form in a communitv and 
remain in that form in a community for several months. The germ 
seems to weaken as it passes through several generations. When a di- 
sease first appears in a community, the hogs seem to have pretty gener- 
ally the same symptoms, but after the disease has been at work for some 
time no two hogs of the same herd may have the same symptoms. The 
symptoms presented depends upon the organs effected. If the intestinal 
Qanal or any other one organ is the seat of the disease, you have intes- 



Hog Cholera 137 



tinal symptoms of the particular organ effected. If two or several or- 
gans are effected the symptoms may be mixed with any one or several 
of the following symptoms. 

The body temperature indicates the presence of fever. The pigs 
appetite is reduced or entirely suppressed. He may eat dirt or indiges- 
tible food in preference to good food. The bowels are often constipa- 
ted at the beginning of the disease. Blood or mucous may be passed 
with the hard lumps. The constipation later runs into an offensive 
smelling diarrhea. Pigs with cholera often bury the head or the en- 
tire body in the bedding and if made to get up they have a tucked up 
appearance and sometimes a peculiar characteristic hacking cough which 
may be accompanied by labored breathing due to the lungs effected 
with lung worm or hog cholera. The gait often shows weakness and 
wabbling in the hind legs probab|ly due to effected kidneys. A pussy, 
sticky, gummy discharge may come from the eyes and nose. The skin 
on the under part of the belly, inside of the thighs, snout, or around the 
ears is often reddish blue or purple due to cholera. 

A hog may have cholera and a very limited number of these symp- 
toms be present. The ones present might be symptoms of some other 
disease, so it is more dependable to determine by the conditions found 
immediately after killing a sick hog or death. The conditions found 
after death are not as easily confused with other diseases as the symp- 
toms before death. 

Examination of the Carcass Af^ter Death {Post Mortem Conditiion) 

First of all, look for the red, bluish or purple discoloration on the 
belly, inside of the thighs, on snout or about the base of the ears. 

Examine the entire body for cuts, bruises, etc. which might have 
caused the death by lock jaw, etc. 

The conditions after death are not the same in all hogs. Some may 
have only one organ effected while others have several organs that show 
lesions of hog cholera. Due to this fact, a thorough examination is ne- 
cessary. 

The conditions found on the internal organs are either those of 
bursted blood vessels or ulcerations. The lymph glands which are ex- 
posed when the throat is cut crocs wise may be specked showing rup- 
tured blood vessels. They may be swollen and red, or even a bluish 
black color. Any body glands are subject to such conditions. The 
glands are more often effected in ca§es 'of short duration. 



138 



Hog Cholera 



In cholera the lungs are often effected, especially in the winter 
they show inflammation and more or less pus is discharged f^rom the nose, 
accompanied by labored breathing. 

The kidneys become speckled much like the brownish specks on a 
turkey's egg. The outer surface of the stomach and inner surface of the 
bladder may become reddened and inflamed. 




Kidney of cholera hog showing brownish speaks, similar to the brownish 
specks on a turkey egg. 



The inside of the small intestine and the hlind gut often have flat 
or oval ulcers on them from the size of a pin head to that of a quarter of 
a dollar. To find intestinal ulcers is almost infallible proof of hog 
cholera. Inflammation of the intestines might be due to cockle burr 
poisoning or from worms. Either can be detected by finding them. 

PREVENTION 

I made the statement in a previous paragraph that most of the fifty 
million dollar loss which farmers lose as an annual average '"nn. hog 
cholera can largely be prevented. 

As far as is known, the organisms causing hog cholera do not de- 
velop or grow anywhere in nature except in the body of swine. These 
organisms, germs, virus, or whatever you choose to call them are thrown 
off the body of the sick hogs with the bowel and kidney passages. From 
all that has been learned, hundreds of them must be thrown out with each 
passage from a sick hog. It seems to be almost impossible for a per- 
son to walk through a cholera lot and enter a well pen immediately af- 



Hog Cholera Lesions 



139 



ter without carrying the germs to the well hogs. In other words, it seems 
the very smallest dust or soil particles coming from a diseased pen is 
sufficient to give the disease to a whole herd of healthy hogs. That is to 
say, if you can keep particles that have heen soiled in any way by sick 
hogs, from coming in contact with well hogs you will never get hog 
cholera, provided crows, dogs, water, etc. do not carry portions of dead 
hogs to your farm. To be more specific, my observation and reading has 
led me to believe that nearly ninety per cent of the hog cholera is carried 




Ulcerations of the intestines of a hog that has died with cholera. 



to well hogs by human beings, and in a large per cent of the cases the 
owner himself carries the disease to his own herd. I will name a few 
of the ways in which he carries the disease. 

The owner hears of a neighbor Who has a peculiar disease among 
his hogs and some people think it is cholera. Mr. A. goes right over to 
see Mr. B.s sick hogs and invariably goes just before chore time. Mr. 
A. finds Mr. B. out with his s^f^k hogs and ideas are exchanged for a 



140 Hog Cholera Prevention 

naif an hour or so. Mr. A. gets some of the manure on his shoes out of 
the sick pen, goes home, gets in his corn crib, walks on the corn and 
then throws the corn out to the hogs. Mr. A. looks his hogs over and all 
of them report for feed in a healthy condition. But in 4 to 14 days, 
Mr. A.s hogs take sick and he wonders where they got the disea^. Now 
he went over to see Mr. B.s hogs expressly to see how those hogs acted 
so if his hogs got sick, he'd know how they acted. In other words the 
trip to the sick pens was unnecessary. Friendly visits may carry hog 
cholera from a sick pen to a well herd in the same way. A stock buyer 
may carry it from the city stock yards. It is often carried from rail- 
road stock yards where farmers are unloading exposed hogs back to 
farms that harbor well hogs. You haul off" hogs for a neighbor, unload 
them and tramp around in the urine or the bowel passages of sick hogs, 
jump in your wagon, tramp in it and go straight home, tramp over your 
corn you feed your hogs or haul the corn out in your wagon you got 
into at the infected yards and scoop the com, infection and all out to 
your hogs. You may haul exposed hogs for a neighbor without giving 
the disease to your hogs if you take the following precautions. I Bed 
your wagon heavy. II When you arrive home kick the bedding out in 
an isolated spot where no hogs are kept and burn all bedding. Ill Don't 
take your wagon in your lot or go in it yoursdlf till you have taken care 
of the bedding, washed your wagon bed inside and out, hounds, coup- 
ling poles, wheels, break rubbers, double trees, your own shoes and any- 
thing that might carry the smallest dirt particle with a 10 per cent dip 
solution. Scrub the whole business with a broom. A ten per cent sol- 
ution is 1/2 gallon of dip to 5 gallon of water. Then cover all parts of 
the bed, tongue, double trees, wheels, coupling poles, hounds etc., with 
fresh air slack lime, as well as your own shoes and see to it all dirt is 
off of the shoes and wagon. Then change your clothes from head to foot 
and don't go into your hog pens with the clothes you wore to haul ex- 
posed hop;s till the clothing has been washed and boiled. Probably 
more cholera is carried on people's shoes than by all other methods com- 
bined. — ^ 
No stock buyer or visitor should be allowed in your hog pens when 
cholera is any where around. It may mean the loss of many dollars to 
you. Dogs, crows, and running water may bring the disease to your 
pens from cholera pens, but in my opinion these cases are not as frequent 
as the above methods. Most states have laws stating the disposition to 



Hog Cholara Prevention 141 



be made of the bedding exposed hogs are delivered to the rail road stock 
yards on. Some states say the buyer must burn it in the yards, etc. 
Most states have laws concerning the sale of sick hogs, and the disposi- 
tion that must be made of the dead hogs. In fact there are enough laws 
in most states. In Missouri, it is illegal, according to the act of the 
Missouri legislature, 1917, to sell sick hogs of any kind. (2) It for- 
bids the driving or handling of sick hogs. (3) All dead hogs must be 
burned within 24 hours. 

But with all the efforts of the legislature, experiment stations, san- 
itary boards, etc., the farmer will continue to suffer an average loss of 
$50,000,000 a year unless he takes much more precaution along the right 
lines in the future than he has in the past. Just as long as the farmer 
depends on drug or grocery store treatment, such as lye, stock foods, 
worm remedies, etc., to keep away the cholera, he'll lose his hogs. 

Where is the farmer that believes he can feed such feeds and I can 
not give his hogs cholera by feeding them the organs of diseased 
hogs. There's not one farmer in fifty that would permit me to put such 
preventatives to any such tests. Yet farmers hold to it that those very 
things kept the cholera away. 

Oh! you feed such things to keep your hogs healthy and thus pre- 
vent cholera, my observation has been, the hogs that are making the most 
rapid growth are as subject to the disease as any of the others, so to keep 
a hog healthy doesn't prevent hog cholera. 

There are only two ways to prevent it. One is, to keep the infection 
of the diseased pens away from the well hogs and by the use of anti-hog 
cholera serum. 

The former method is sane, safe, dependable and cheap. The lat- 
ter is dependable and somewhat expensive. 

SERUMS 

You may at some time have used serum and it did not save your 
hogs, so you would say it was not dependable. First, why was it not 
dependable? If serum is kept at summer or early fall temperature, in 
a few days it loses its immuning powers. It should be kept close to 40 
degrees. All veterinarians did not know this when they first began to 
use serum. Again, many people did not use serum in large enough 
doses and the hogs died. Some companies did not put out a first class 



142 Serumj 

product, and various other reasons might h.'- given for the failure of ser- 
ums in the beginning of their use. Any nn dicine might fail if not prop- 
erly used. 

First, if you are going to immune your hogs by the use of serum, 
get a high class product. Nearly all experiment stations or agricul- 
tural colleges put out serum as cheap as a dependable product can be 
made. In fact, they put it out at as near cost as possible. After obtain- 
ing a known product, put in the full dose as directed. 

It does not pay to under estimate the weight to reduce the serum 
cost. Many experiment station men consider the serum alone methoA 
safe for any one to use, while other stations advise the employment of a 
veterinarian. 

With the serum alone method the farm that hasn't got hog cholera 
on it doesn't become infected, and it does not effect the reproductive 
powers of the sows or gilts. However, pigs under 75 pounds out grow 
the immunity in from 4 to 8 weeks, and must be vaccinated again, espe- 
cially on farms where cholera has been. However, on farms that haven't 
had cholera, the rage may get over in that length of time and revaccina- 
tion may not be necessary. 

Hogs over 100 pounds usually can be marketed before they lose 
their immunity, and mature hogs usually stay immune. The older the 
hog, the greater the length of the immunity when the single method is 
used. 

THE SIMULTANEOUS METHOD 

This method of immuning consists in using anti-hog cholera serum 
and virus. The organism causing the disease and anti-hog cholera ser- 
um are placed in the hog at the same time but the injections are made 
with a separate syringe. Most experiment stations agree that one well 
informed on such work should make the injections. In some states it 
is a penalty of from $100 to $500 for any one other than veterinarians 
or representatives of experiment stations to use this method. 

By the use of the simultaneous method, the hog becomes immune 
for life. 

Some of the disadvantages are 

I The losses due to vaccination are a little higher than by the use 
of the serum alone method. 



The Simultaneous Method 143 

II Your farm may become infected with cholera and new bom pigs 
or newly purchased hogs after vaccination may develop the disease. 
This is especially true if any of the vaccinated hogs become very sick. 
When a vaccinated hog becomes sick by the double method, it is often a 
mild form of cholera, hence neighbors should be kept away from the 
pens, as the urine and feces may contain hog cholera virus. 

in If the anti-hog cholera serum happens to be poor, the hogs de- 
velop hog cholera. 

IV Some farmers claim the double method reduces the number of 
pigs a gilt or sow will produce. Extensive experimental data on this 
particular point is not available at present. The combination method 
is the same as the double method except the virus is injected about 
3 days after the serum. As I see it, there is not any material advan- 
tage between the double and the simultaneous method. 

A clean well limed and heavy bedded pen should be provided, and 
the serum injected in all Kogs undeir the loose skin back of the ear. Put 
virus on opposite side of the serum. USE NO VIRUS IN CHOLERA 
HERDS. 

Below 20 pounds, 20 cubic centimeters. 

20 to 30 pounds, 20 to 25 cubic centimeters. 

40 to 75 pounds, 30 to 35 cubic centimeters. 

100 to 150 pounds, 40 to 60 cubic centimeters. 

175 to 250 pounds and over, 65 to 80 cubic cenltimeters. 

Four cubic centimeters are approximately one teaspoonful. 

One pint is approximately 480 c. c. (cubic centimeters) or milli- 
litres. One cubic centimeter or c. c. equals one millilitre or (mil.) or 
about 15 drops. 

If the simultaneous method is used and cholera is in the herd, or the 
herd is dangerously exposed, or sick hogs are treated, the above dose 
should be doubled. Hogs with temperature over 103.5 should receive 
a double dose. 

POISONING 

(Cockle Burr) 

When hogs eat poisonous feeds, they usually vomit, but with the 
cockle burr this is not true. Hogs will die in numbers as though they 



144 Cockle Burr Poisoninc 

had hog cholera if they eat the leaves of young cockle burrs. 

After the plants have formed a half dozen or more leaves, the hogs 
either do not eat them or they do not poison them. The prevention for 
this trouble is well established. When hogs have cockle burr poison- 
ing they often lose the control of their muscles as in lock jaw, become 
somewhat dizzy and may go blind. 



INTESTINAL WORMS OF HOGS 

The thorn headed and round worms are the ones that most fre- 
quently cause trouble in hogs. The former are from two to six inches 
long and the latter are from four to ten inches long and in shape and 
movement resemble a fish worm. The larvae or young worms are picked 
up about the feeding places and deveop in the pigs intestines. Since it 
usually takes about six weeks for the worms to develop they are not 
usually considered to be the cause of trouble before the pig is six weeks 
old. When worms become too numerous they may cause permanent 
trouble indigestion by destroying the membrane lining the; intestinal 
canal. 

SYMPTOMS 

It is not always as easy to be positive that hogs are worm infected 
as some people think, especially if the pigs have been well nourished 
from birth, enabling them to be kept in good condition. The symp- 
toms usually given are a ravenous appetite, poor gains, cough, and the 
pigs become pot bellied and may expell one or more worms from the 
mouth. They often throw off worms with the bowel passages. My 
observations have led me to believe that hogs that are very badly ef- 
fected with worms eat less before than after treating them. It should 
be remembered that lung worms may cause a cou^ as well as dust in 
the summer or bronchitis and hemorrhagic septicemia in the winter. 
However, a cough is a prominent symptom of intestinal worms in hogs. 

PREVENTION 

It must be remembered that the larvae or young worm is thrown out 
of the hogs intestines with the bowel passages. In this way pastures 
and pens become infected and the larvae is picked up with the feed. The 



Intestinal Worms Of Hogs 145 

larvae are thrown off in the greatest numbers while the hogs are being 
treated for worms, hence the necessity of cleaning up and burning all 
feces while treating the hogs to keep them from reinfecting themselves. 
It is a good plan to change the hog pastures every few years to avoid 
the larvae of intestinal worms. 

TREATMENT 

To successfully treat pigs for worms it is necessary that 

I The intestinal canal of the pig be empty. If it is not empty, 
the medicine will be so diluted that it will not be effective. 

II To give a drug that will stupify or make the worm unconscious, 
others are not classed as worm removers. 

III To see to it that each pig gets its dose. The one's receiving an 
over dose may be poisoned and the others that do not receive sufficient 
medicine will not be cured. 

IV A physic should be given after treatment to remove the worms 
While numb and to clean the bowels of decaying worms. 

Following are a number of treatments very effective for treating 
ho^s for worms and are worm removers in the, strictest sense of th« 
word. 

' Formula 1 

Santonin, 4 grains. 
Fresh powdered areca nut, ^ dram. 
Calomel, 1 grain. 
Bi carbonate of soda, 1 dram. 
(JVote) Areca nut loses its strength and if the fresh drug is not 
obtained the treatment will be a failure. 

(Dose) The above formulae is for one pig weighing 100 pounds. 

(Directions) The pigs should have received no food or water for 

24 hours before the medicine is given. Neither should they receive 

feed for a few hours after being treated. Give the above drugs in as 

little slop as they will clean up in lots of five pigs each. 

{ ' Formula 2 

Turpentine. 
(Dose) Give 1 teaspoonful for each 100 pounds live weight in a 



146 Treatment For Worms 

thick middliiig slop or preferably skim milk, repeat for 4 or 5 morn- 
ings, giving % the noirmal feed 15 hours before each dose. Follow the 
last dose with 2 tablespoonsful of epsom of salts for each 100 pounds 
of weight given in middling slop. The treatment should be repeated in 
10 days. 

Formulae 3 

Oil of Ciienopodum (oil of the American worm seed.) 
(Dose) One teaspoonful for each 75 to 100 pounds live weight. 
Smaller pigs should be given a dose in proportion to the weight. 

(Directions) With this treatment starve the pigs for 24 hours and 
give no water. Then give the above dose in 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls (1 to 
2 ounces) of castor oil. Oil of chenopodum should always be given in 
castor oil, and treat each pig separately. To do this do not drench 
since they may get the drugs in the lungs and capsules should be avoided 
since they sometimes lodge in the pharynx and cause irritation if not 
swelling of the throat, but take a long handled iron spoon or syringe and 
with a hog mouth gag, hold the mouth open and place the oils well back on 
the tongue, removing the gag each time the oils are released. The hog 
should be held by a rope and not set up on the hams while the medi- 
cine is being given. (See cut on how to hold with a rope, page 154). 
This insures the proper dose to each pig, is cheap, safe, and takes less 
time than the turpentine treatment. One dose is sufficient. In 10 days 
it should be repeated. The pigs may be fed in 3 to 5 hours after re- 
ceiving the oils. 

Formulae 4 

Powdered copper sulphate (blue stone.) 

(Dose) 1 level teaspoonful for each pig weighing 100 pounds. 

(Directions) After the pigs have had no feed for 24 hours, give 
the above dose in a thick middling and cracked corn slop. Feed no more 
slop than is necessary. Divide the pigs in lots of five and treat each 
lot separately. Give 2 doses 12 hours apart and repeat in ten days. 
After the second dose of each treatment, give in 10 hours, 2 tablespoon- 
fuls of epsom salts in a thick slop, for each 100 pounds of live weight. 
The caustics as copperas and blue stone have been held by some to irri- 
tate the intestines and make the animals unthrifty, to say the least. For- 
rnulaes one, two and three can be purchased for less than the price 



Stock Foods 147 



of one pound of pork, per pig treated, and the cost should not keep any 
one from getting the formulae that serves them best. 

Equal parts of sulphur, charcoal, glaubers salts and copperas, if 
kept continuously before hogs has a tendency to keep them free from 
worms. The Iowa experiment station recommends that they be kept in 
separate feeders and the hogs be allowed to take of the ones they need 
most, since more charcoal is craved with certain rations than with others 
and more sulphur in others. Then again, I imagine individual pigs 
differ. 

STOCK POWDERS AND TONICS 

Experiment stations have not obtained results from feeding of stock 
powders and tonics to hogs. I have met farmers who were very en- 
thusiastic about a certain hog powder or tonic and credit the firms guar- 
antee for much, but in a few years, I notice they are not feeding any 
powders at all or have changed the brand. My opinion is if the pigs are 
wormy, they should receive one of the above worm formulae's and as to 
the tonic, it is not needed for its food value or to aid the pigs digestive 
organs to assimilate more food and the work it does to increase food 
digestion is absolutely an' unknown quantity to the purchaser. 

However, if such a tonic must be had, you can usually purchase it 
from your local druggist unless he is a stock food booster for about one 
third to one half what stock powder companies sell them for. Follow- 
ing I give a common one and equal to others. Commonly known as the 
government formulas. 

Charcoal, 3 pounds 
Sulphur, 3 pounds 
Salt, (sodium chloride) 3 pounds 
Black antimony, 3 pounds 
Baking soda, 6 pounds 
Hypo sulphate of soda, 6 pounds 
Sodium sulphate, (glaubers salts,) 6 pounds 
Mix the above well and give 1 tablespoonful once daily in the 
slop for each 200 pounds live weight. 

Another one is as follows, and more like the commercial stock foods. 
Fenugreek, 8 pounds 



148 Lung Worms 



Ginger, 8 pounds 
Powdered gentian, 8 pounds 
Sulphur, 8 pounds 
Salt petre, 8 pounds 
Resin, 8 pounds 
Capsicum, 4 pounds 
Linseed oil meal, 40 pounds 
Powdered charcoal, 20 pounds 
Salt (sodium chloride) 20 pounds 
Wheat bran, 100 pounds 

Feed 3 rounding tablespoonfuls once or twice daily for each 200 
pounds of live weight. 

Where the formulae is printed on the can and the amount of each is 
not given, it will he found that they often contain many of the elements 
indicated in one of the last two formulaes. 



LUNG WORMS 



(Cough) (Quinsy) 

This disease more often develops in the late summer and early fall. 

The hog probably breathes the egg of the lung worm into the lungs 
along with dust particles and the worm develops in the air passages and 
the lungs. The egg of this worm seems to have the ability to live for 
months under ordinary field conditions. Lung worms sometimes prove 
fatal by suffocation due to the accumulation of mucous in the air pas- 
sages but a high per cent of the cases recover. 

When a hog is effected with lung worm, often a form of irritating 
bronchitis develops and a peculiar harsh cough devleops which can be 
heard 200 or more yards away. To date, there has been developed no 
cure for the trouble. About all one can do is to keep the hogs out of 
infected pastures in the spring and early summer, since it takes the egg 
several weeks to develop into a worm. Creolin or coal tar steam vapor 
will give temporary relief. Sulphur fumes or burning of feathers in a 
closed pen ig also said to be beneficial. 



Loss Of Use Of Hind Quarters 149 

LOSS OF THE USE OF HIND QUARTERS 

[Improperly Called Kidney Worms) 

There is a worm living in the fat surrounding the kidneys and some- 
times found in the kidneys proper that causes urinary disorders but has 
no connection whatever with the lost use of the hind quarters. 

Kidney worm is so infrequent that I do not consider a discussion of 
any use in this book. 

Hogs go down in the back for four reasons. They are bred wrong, in- 
juries, hard floors and paralysis. The last is dealt with in the following 
pages. 

Some families of hogs within the various breeds of hogs have too 
straight a back on them. That is, the back is not well arched and they 
give away in that part of the anatomy. Such families will go down if 
confined on hard concrete floors. 

TREATMENT 

When hogs go down in the back, feed a nourishing ration of oil meal 
middlings, tankage, etc., but less fat formers such as corn and thereby 
reduce the weight. Blister the loin and hips with a strong lineament and 
often they will get able to go over the scales to the slaughter house. 
In my opinion, there's no reason why hogs with such breed weakness 
should not be used for meat. 

Avoid the use of straight backed sires and dams. I do not adVocate 
breeding fish backed hogs but all hogs should have some arch in the back. 

RHEUMATISM 

{Lameness) 

The cause of rheumatism is not well established. Exposure to cold 
and dampness are given as inducive to it. Cooling off" of animals quick- 
ly is another cause. Often animals that have their weight reduced rap- 
idly develop rheumatism. 



150 Rheumatism 



SYMPTOMS 

The eflfected hogs get stiff in the muscles of the organs of movement 
and the back. They often develop lameness. This lameness may be mis- 
taken for paralysis. In some cases the joints swell. 

TREATMENT 

Friedberger and Frohner recommend rubbing the effected muscles 
or joints with a linement composed of equal parts of camphor, turpentine 
and arnica and bandaging the same. They give twice daily in a capsule 
1/2 to 2 drams salicylate of soda, depending on the size of the pig. They 
report excellent results with the salicylate of soda. 

PARALYSIS 

Paralysis is the result of nervous disorder manifesting itself in loss 
of the use of the muscles of the body. In hogs the hind quarters are 
more often effected and are drug around by the unfortunate animal. The 
nerves going to all parts of the body muscles have their origin in the 
spinal cord. The nerves coming from the spinal cord pass through open- 
ings of the spine. When the vertebrae get out of adjustment it causes 
pressure on nerves that emerge and some believe a portion of the paraly- 
sis of hogs is due to the vertebrae getting out of adjustment. It is possi- 
ble strains, blows or kicks might have such an effect. In human practice, 
the readjustment of vertebrae in human patients has accomplished much, 
but the importance or significance of such adjustments in veterinary prac- 
tice is to be proven. Some hogs seem to become paralyzed without ap- 
parent cause. Paralysis often occurs in aged sows that have pigs and 
became poor: It is frequent in sows immediately before farrowing. 

TREATMENT 

The sow should receive as the bulk of their ration, milk bran shorts, tank- 
age or oil meal with a very limited quantity of corn. The bowels should 
be kept open from the beginning by the use of raw linseed oil or epsom 
salts given in water and in addition give 10 to 15 drops of tincture of nux 
vomica 3 times daily in water to each 100 pounds of live weight. Nux vom- 
ica when given in too large A dose causes the muscles to twitch. 



Piles In Hogs 151 



PILES IN HOGS 

{Prolapse of the Rectum) 

Piles is caused by unusual straining in hogs. Hogs may get fast by 
the abdomen or become constipated and piles result. 

SYMPTOMS 

In piles the feces may have blood passed with them and the rectum 
protrudes. In most cases there are no tumors formed at first. 

TREATMENT 

Most cases can be permanently cured by starving the pig 15 to 18 
hours and giving in water with a syringe 5 tablespoonfuls (2% ounces) 
of epsom salts for each 100 pounds of live weight, followed by the follow- 
ing operation. 

Have an attendant hold the pig by the hind legs and wash the ex- 
posed rectum with strong alum or oak bark water. Cover the guts with 
the fingers and work the lower part back in place by even, firm and slow 
pressure. Some lard applied to the rectum may help to replace the rec- 
tum. If the swelling is severe, it may be reduced by bathing the rectum 
in warm water for % to 1 hour.. Do not try to press but hold what you 
have and gently press between strains. After the guts are in take a stitch 
across the anus but do not draw too tight so the body wastes cannot pass 
out. After the rectum is held in place several days by the doubled cob- 
bler's sewing thread, they seldom come out again. 

ABORTION IN SOWS 

Sows may abort from over feeding, feeding a feed too rich in protein, 
or medicated stock foods. Abortion may be caused by drugs given sows 
while pregnant. Sows that are obliged to crawl over logs or boards to 
go through narrow openings often bruise the pigs with their own weight 
killing them and causing abortion. Some believe a contagious abortion 
exists among sows which at present seems to go with herds following ab- 
ortive cows. A fair farm ration for brood sows is 45 per cent oats, 30 
per cent corn, 20 per cent wheat middlings and 5 per cent tankage. I 



152 Difficult Farrowinc 

have always been able to prcduce larger and stronger pigs when I fed tank- 
age than by any othdr method and have never established any bad results 
from feeding it. Sows that abort are no more likely to abort again in my 
opinion than sows that have never aborted. 



DIFFICULT FARROWING 

Difficult farrowing is not infrequent in gilts. It may be due to too 
small a natural opening, blows, or improper care. After the water bag 
bursts, usually pig delivery will begin within two hours. However, I 
have attended to cases that upon examination proved to be normal, where 
the pigs were not born for six hours after labor pains began and the pigs 
were all born alive, merely by letting the sow alone. Pigs are usually 
born head first but are often born rear end first. After 2 hours of labor 
without the birth of the pigs, an examination is advisable. When the 
oiled hand is thrust into the opening and a dead pig is felt, or the pig is 
wrongly presented, the sooner help is given, the better, but if the pig is 
coming right and alive my advice is to wait a while and re-examine. 
In most cases after 5 hours of labor, the second pig will be dead, and af- 
ter 24 hours the entire litter will be dead. 

HOW TO AID THE SOW 

The injections of warm water and oil with a hose and after the water 
is in, turn the sows rump sharply lower than the head. After two or 
three attempts at this if it fails insert the hand and try to secure the pig 
with the hand. If this cannot be done, secure a piece of new number nine 
wire, bend the wire to make a two inch hook slightly back on either end 
but these hooks should be exactly opposite, so the operator can tell where 
the one in the sow is pointing after the hooks are bent. Heat the wire 
red hot in a flame the entire length and cool it and rub it off with a rag 
wrung out of strong dip solution, insert one hand in the opening if pos- 
sible and try to hook the wi,re into the lower jaw of the dead pig. If 
the pig is cross ways of the opening try to push it back before turning 
or trying to hook the jaw. After the jaw is secured, pull easy giving 
plenty of time. If the lower jaw pulls out, hook in the upper jaw or in 
the eye sockets, but be sure the mother is not hooked and badly torn. 



Thumps In Pigs 153 

Veterinarians sometimes have to take the pigs out through the side by 
cutting into the womb back of the last rib. With reasonable cafe about 
one-half of such operations should be successful. Pig forceps, as a 
usual thing have no advantage over the number nine wire. However, on 
page 17, fig. 1, a desirable kind is shown. With these it is impossible 
to close up on the lining membrane of the sow. Forceps that will close 
up tight should not be used. A sow that has difiiculty in farrowing 
should be washed out with a solution of dip, lysol or creolin once a day 
for three or four days. ^ to ^ pint of any of the above to one gallon 
of water is sufl&ciently strong for this purpose. 



THUMPS IN PIGS 

This is a digestive disorder comparable to hiccoughs in man. It is 
caused by too much feed and lack of exercise. It is common in pet pigs. 
TTie treatment is to give them a dose of salts or raw oil preferably the 
latter, make them exercise, check up on the feed for a few days and feed 
laxative feeds, as grass, oil meal, middlings, bran, etc. 



SCOURS IN PIGS 

Scours is nearly always caused by improper feeding of the sow, un- 
hygienic surroundings and cholera. 

Experience has led me to believe that half of the making of a good 
hog is in the feeding before the pig is born. Sows fed tankage, a limited 
amount of corn and pasture produce pigs far superior to the sows re- 
ceiving no tankage. Too many farmers make the bad mistake of begin- 
ning the feeding of protein concentrates just before or after farrowing 
which causes the pigs to scour unless fed very judiciously at first. Any 
change of feed at farrowing time may cause scours. Too much feed just 
after the sow farrows even though she is used to it, may cause sdours in 
the pigs. 

TREATMENT 

Sharply reduce the feed of the sow for several feeds, and if the pigs 
do not improve, give the sow with a syringe, 2 drams (2 teaspoonfuls) of 
tincture of opium (laudanum) in i/4 pint of water every 8 hours, till the 



154 



Castration Of Hogs 



scours in the pigs are checked. If the pigs are several weeks old, they 
should be given 1 tablespoonful, l/o ounce castor oil for every 30 pounds 
of live weight. In ten hours, give ever^ 5 hours a few drops of lauda- 
num. 

Older hogs can have the bowels checked by giving for each 125 
pounds live weight, 

(2 teaspoonfuls) 2 drams bismuth sub-nitrate 
(2 teaspoonfuls) 25 to 30 grains of tannic acid. 
(2 tablespoonfuls) 1 ounce bi-carbonate of soda 
Give the above in milk or water every 8 hours till the bowels check. 

CASTRATION OF HOGS 

Pigs should be castrated when seven or eight weeks old. At this age 
the operation is not so severe on the pig as it would be if they were per- 
mitted to go until older. They are easier handled and if a loss occurs 
the pig is not worth as much money. Most any one can remove the tes- 







. ..-^-3?!"^ ^^ssrt:^ 


.-: 


'rjr. 




^.-S^:. 


^rtlfc^^ 




v^^^ 


'^^^^^^ciprHp / ''^r^s' _ 


W^ 




r^g^V-' «>',f^^^!?-v 


<0' ' 



(Method of holding la;ge hogs while ringing, removing the tusks, or 
roping for castration of large hogs.) 

tide from a pig, but not everyone can perform the operation and have 
none of the pigs swell up and get stiff. The assistant should hold the 
pig secure on the left side by placing the knee on the neck, and holding 



Castilvtion Of Hogs 



155 



the front foot with tlie left hand and drawing. the rear foot wiell forward 
with the right hand. The lower testicle should be seized by the opera- 
tor and with a sharp castrating blade an incision should be made in the 
sack beginning at the extreme bottom part of the sack and cutting par- 
allel with the median line of. the testicle bag. The opening should go 
through the skin and membrane around the testicle permitting the testi- 
cle to come out of the opening with ease. Then after separating the 
cord and membrane or striffen, as it is sometimes called, with the knife 
by cutting the striffen, the cord should be grasped with the hand as low 
as possible and pulled till it breaks. 

If the opening is not made at the extreme bottom of the scrotum 
or if the opening is not parallel with the median line of the scrotum, a 
pocket is formed and pus accumulates and the pig gets stiff and looses 
the appetite and may even develop a large unsightly, disagreeable smell- 
ing ulceration called a chanpigon or scirrhus. Such a tumor or swelling 
may develop because the opening is not large enough, or is not suffi- 
ciently drained by opening up low' enough. The opening should be large 
enough to let the testicle Come out easily and not have to be popped out. 
A small opening heals too quick and shuts the pus up in the scrotum. 




ECRASEUR 




EMASCULATOR 



The use of a good antiseptic wash after castration will aid greatly in 
preventing swelling and lock jaw from developing. Sheep dip, creo- 



156 Castration of Ruptured Pigs 

lin, lysol, or carbolic acid and lard are good to put into a wound with a 
syringe or long neck bottle after castration. Old boars may be castra- 
ted the same as pigs. I have castrated tJiem exactly the same way with 
good success. However some people prefer to use an instrument called 
the emasculator or ecraseur to crush the cord. 

These instruments are convenient and safe to use in the castration 
of all animals. Hogs will not stand it to lose as much blood in propor- 
tion to the body weight as a cow or horse. The ecraseur crushes the cord 
and prevents bleeding. 



CASTRATION OF RUPTURED PIGS 

It is not uncommon to find a portion of the intestines in the same 
sack with the testicles. Such pigs should be kept off feed but not water 
for eighteen hours before castrating. 

Secure the following instruments to aid in castrating, however, it is 
possible to fix a ruptured pig up with only a knife and needle and thread. 
Have three feet of cobblers shoe thread, double it in the needle and 
wax it well with rosin or bees wax to prevent tearing the striffen. Two 
artery forceps will aid in getting the striffen. Put the needle and all 
the metals including castrating knife in a pan of 5 per cent carbolic acid 
or dip water. Have the attendant secure the pig by the hind legs and 
hold him with the heels in the air and try to work the intestines into the 
body cavity before cutting. If this cannot be done, castrate as usual, 
but do not remove the testicle cord. Before castrating, be sure no intes- 
tines are in the path of the knife. 

After castration, the lower intestines should be gently, slowly and 
firmly pressed back in the body cavity with several of the fingers, while 
the pig is held by the hind legs. Do not try to press the guts into the 
body too fast. After the intestines are all in, by -having the attendant 
hold the testicle and grasping the lining membrane around the cord and 
looking down the cord the opening into the body cavity may be seen and 
if the striffen is torn several stitches in the striffen may be necessary. 
With the artery forceps or fingers, seize the striffen on the sides of the 
cord and raise it up. 

A stitch should be taken through the striffen as low down as possi- 
ble but do not include the cord. This stitch, when tied around the strif- 
fen closes the opening to the body cavity and the guts cannot corrie out. 



Tusks, How Removed 



157 



Remove the testicle cord and cut the needle loose from the thread and 
tie the striflFen up, closing body cavity opening and the guts can not come 
out. After all is done, wash well with a 5 per cent solution of creolin, 
coal tar dip or carbolic acid solution but do not sew up the testicle sack. 
Ragged edges of striffen exposed should be trimmed. 




This shows the proper method of castrating a pig where the 
intestines are in the testicle sack. The operator has the testicle in 
the left hand and as soon as it is pulled, the strings showing will be tied 
around the striffen held by the artery forceps. The strings are above 
the left hand and below the right. Two will be tied on the side of the 
left hand and two on the side if tlie right hand. 



TUSKS, HOW REMOVED 



Tusks are a detriment on nursing pigs or old boars. Pigs fight each 
otlier away during nursing and in large litters make the worst kind of 
sores on the sides of the face. This can largely be prevented by taking 
a small sharp pair of pincers and clipping off the tusks before the pigs 



158 Scab, Mange, Itch, Sun Scald 



are twenty four hours old. ^ In old boars, pincers or a hand saw may be 
used to get rid of these' dangerous weapons. Long handled pincers such 
as blacksmiths use to trim horses feet are excellent to clip the tusks of a 
boar with. See cut page 17, fig. 14. 

LOCK-JAW, TETANUS 

Lock jaw may develop in a few days or several weeks after castra- 
tion and is more often caused by castration not being done under sani- 
tary conditions or lack of proper drainage. Howiever, it might develop 
from other wounds. 

Lock jaw bacteria can not live in the presence of air hence if the 
wound heals over it makes a favorable location for lock jaw. 

SYMPTOMS 

The muscles become rigid and the hog is easily startled. They usu- 
ally can open their mouths sufficient to take liquid foods and sombtimes 
corn. Usually they lose the use of the muscles of the fore or hind 
quarters separately. 80 to 90 per cent of the cases die. 

There is a tetanus anti-toxin kept by most of the well stocked drug 
stores for human use. The injection of 400 to 600 units under the skin 
back of the ear for every 100 pounds of live weight daily until imiprove- 
ment develops, in some cases seems to be of benefit. 



SCAB, MANGE, ITCH, SUN SCALD 

Scab is more often met with in younger hogs but may be found on 
hogs of any age. Pigs nursing a scabby mother often develop bran like 
itching scales on the face or at the base of the tail before they are a week 
old. The disease is caused by a mite that burrows under the skin and 
lives on the blood and lymph of the hog. Wet, hot weather favors the 
development of the mites. The mites go from one hog to another just 
as lice get from hog to hog. 

TREATMENT 
Dip solutions or kerosene emulsion are efficient to destroy thfe niite 



Hog Lice 159 

of scab when used as recommended for hog lice. Equal parts of sulphur 
and lard or vaseline are efficient to destroy scab mites if well rubbed in. 

HOG LICE 

Hog lice do hundreds of dollars worth of damage every year by 
sucking the blood of hogs and causing the hogs to become unthrifty. 
It is possible to let lice breed so long on hogs that the vitality of the hog 
is weakened and they will die, solely from loss of blood. 

TREATMENT 

To rid a place of lice it is necessary to clean the sleeping quarters 
several times and spray the same with a lice killing solution before re- 
placing the bedding. 

Many remedies apparently kill a large number of the eggs as well 
as the lice but it is often necessary to give several treatments to the hogs 
ten days spart to kill all the lice. 

TREATMENT 

Hog and sheep dips are somewhat expensive and in most cases 
have to be used stronger than the manufacurers recommend to get the 
best results. Crude oil is safe, economical and satisfactory to use on a 
large or small scale. 

In using crude oil it is only necessary to keep the surface of the 
water of the concrete hog wallow or dipping tank covered with the crude 
oil to get satisfactory results. It can be used on a rubbing post or pe- 
troleum may be used. 

KEROSENE EMULSION 

Take 2 pounds of laundry soap, shave it up fine with a knife, boil 
in 1 gallon of water, remove from the fire and stir well while 2 gallon 
of coal oil (kerosene) is" being mixed with it. This will make a milky 
solution and the coal oil and water will mix by using the soap. The 
above is sufficient for 9 or 10 gallons of water. 

Some prefer to make kerosene emulsion as follows. 
1 part kerosene 
1 part ctabber milk 



160 Necrotic Stomatitis 



Churn the above till they mix and have a milky appearance and 
add 9 parts of water. 

The kerosene emulsion can be used in dipping tanks or with a 
sprinkler, 

NECROTIC STOMATITIS 

Decay of the Bones and Tissues of the Mouth 

GENERAL DISCUSSION 

Necrotic Stomatitis may be found in either shoats or suckling pigs. 
I have never observed a case in aged hogs. 

The germs are discharged from the body with the saliva and the 
bowel passages, which explains how it may be spread in a herd by a 
common feed trough fighting or picked up with corn fed in pens that 
harbor infected hogs. 

SYMPTOMS 

In shoats the disease , usually begins in the gums. In pigs I have 
more often noticed it first on the sides of the head where they tusk eacb 
other while nursing. The affected tissue is at first red or bluish red 
very tender and bleeds easily. | 

After a few days the tissue begins to decay and may fall out or the 
bone and tissue may decay together with a characteristic foul odor. The 
pigs become weak and are not able to demand their share of the food and 
they slobber at the mouth and champ the teeth. The course may cover 
a number of days or last only a few days. Where I have observed the 
disease, from 10 to 30 per cent of the herd usually die with the disease 
if no precaution is given. - 

TREATMENT 

If possible separate the effected pigs from the well ones and do not 
feed them out of the same troughs or bucket since the saliva and bowel 
passages of effected pigs are common carriers of this disease. Thor- 
oughly clean all pens, feeding and sleeping quarters and sprinkle such 
places with water containing 1 pint of creolin or sheep dip to each gal- 
lon of water used. 



Necrotic Stomatitis 161 

Sca-ub and dry in the sun all feed troughs once daily with a creolin or 
dip solution. 

The sores of effected pigs should be painted twice daily with 
Tincture of iodine 1 part ' 

Witch hazel 4 parts 

Or a 5 per cent solution of lime chloride. 

Or a 1 per cent silver nitrate solution. 

Any druggist should be able to prepare any of the above and they 
should be applied with a feather or cotton swab. Care should be taken 
to apply only sufficient to cover the sores. 



162 Worms In Sheep 



SHEEP DEPARTMENT 



WORMS IN SHEEP 

Stomach worms (strongylus contortus) , pin worms and tape worms 
are the worms more often infecting sheep. Any one or all may be found 
in a sheep that has just died but of all of these, the stomach worm liv- 
ing in the fourth stomach is the greatest enemy of the sheep raiser, and 
is nearly always the worm responsible for the loss when the loss is due 
to worms. 

When a farm becomes infected with worms it is hard to eradicate 
them, hence great care must be exercised in the purchase of new sheep 
for a flock. If all sheep were sold off of an infected farm and no more 
wormy sheep brought on an infected farm, it would be from one to two 
years before the farm would be free from worms. On high, well-drained 
farms, with no wet valleys or still water, and under the most favorable 
weather and temperature conditions a farm might be freed of worms in 
less than two years. The farm might become worm free in one year if 
all infected sheep were sold and no new ones brou^t on the farm. But 
if there are stagnant pools and swampy valleys or it is a wet year it 
would require much more than a year. Not that I would recommend 
the sale of all sheep in all cases, but such uncontrollable conditions are 
favorable or unfavorable to worm development. Frequent change of 
pasture aids in lessening worm losses. 

SYMPTOMS 

The Iambs and more delicate sheep are usually the first ones at- 
tacked. The Iambs do not grow well although they may eat more than 
normal. The lambs continually grow weaker and may develop a diarr- 
hoea. The skin has a paper like texture, the legs, belly and chin may 
swell up in the morning and be normal later in the day. The disease 
may take on the form of an epidemic and one or more die every day. 
In any case, it is wise to open one immediately after it is dead and try 
to locate the worms. If stomach worms are suspected cut opten the fourth 



Worms In Sheep 163 



stomach, separate some of the liquid content of the stomach from the 
wall and spread on a thin board or glass. Stomach worms are very 
hard to see. They are about the size of a pin with a reddish color and 
a U shape. 

TREATMENT 

The man owning a clean herd of sheep should be careful not to pur- 
chase sheep having worms. 

Any treatment should be preceeded by a fifteen hour fast. In my 
opinion the following formulae is among the best for worms in sheep. 
Powdered nux vomica 2 drams (2 teaspoonf uls. ) 
Powdered iron sulphate 5 drams (5 teaspoonf uls.) 
Arsenious acid I dram (1 teaspoonf ul.) 
Fresh powdered areca nut 2 ounces (4 tablespoonfuls.) 
Salt 4 ounces (8 tablespoonfuls.) 
The above is 30 doses for one grown sheep and should be fed once 
daily in ground feed for 10 days to one month, depending on the re- 
sults. Sheep fed such vermifuges should be divided in lots of not over 
10, so one sheep will not get too much of the drug. 

Gasoline has long been recommended byj herdsmen. The dose 5s 
2 tablespoonfuls for grown sheep. Just enough gasoline! should be given 
so that the sheep does not stagger. Staggering indicates too much. 
Gasoline should be given in 7 or 8 tablespoonfuls of sweet milk. Re- 
peat in 10 days. 

DRENCHING SHEEP 

Great care must be taken in drenching sheep or the animal will stran- 
gle. A good way is to get three or four feet of gas jet tubing 3-8 of an inch 
inside diameter, insert a funnel in one end and place the other end, (8 
to 10 inches) in the sheeps mouth so it gets Helow the wind pipe and 
pour the milk and gasoline slowly in the funnel. 

After the worms have been eradicated, it is wise to keep them out by 
keeping the following before them. 

Powdered iron sulphate, 2 pounds 

Powdered sulphur, 2 pounds 
' Clear colored powdered copper sulphate, 2 pounds 

Salt, 94 pounds 



164 Forage Poisoning, Bloat 

FORAGE POISONING 

Ensilage, Corn Fodder and Other Plant Poisoning, [Improperly Called 
Cerebro Spinal Meningitis) 

Brain disorders may be due occasionally to blows on the spine or 
central nervous* system, but more often poisoning of sheep is due to the 
feed which they receive. 

Among the more common plants found in pastures that cause poison- 
ing are death camas, water hemlock, calico bush, very young cockle burrs, 
spoon weed, low lauS-el, larkspur and loco weed. Sheep may be poi- 
soned by eating wind fall apples. Poisoning more frequently occurs 
when the sheep are changed from one pasture to another and are not 
used to the particular weed. Poisoning more often occurs from the 
dried feeds that are fed in the winter. The poisoning may be in the 
feed when eaten or it may develop after the sheep takes the food into the 
stomach. Moldy fodder, stunted corn stalks by drouth, or frost and 
moldy ensilage may all contain the poison within themselves. 

Dry clean corn fodder, dead blue grass or water grass and shredded 
corn fodder may cause a loss in the flock solely due to their indigesti- 
bility. The food lays in the stomach and the sheep develops serious 
brain disorder often terminating in death. The patient usually goes in 
a circle or turns round and round, may stagger or reel against fences or 
buildings. With plant poisoning, such as sheep obtain in pastures, they 
may or may not show brain disorder. Often they froth at the mouth, 
have a staring look out of their eyes and become sick. Forage poison- 
ing of sheep may be confused with hemorrhagic septicemia. (See cattle.) 

TREATMENT 

Remove the cause and feed lightly for a few days. Keep the bowels 
open. 4 tablespoonsful epsom salts may be; given a grown sheep in % 
pint of luke warm water. Feed laxative feeds. 

BLOAT 

(Gaseous Distension of the Rumen) (Hoven) 

This disease may come on suddenly and the animal may die in a 
very few hours or it may com^ on gradual and reappear every few days, 



Piles In Sheep 165 



The rumen in the left flank may get about so large, much like a drum, 
and cause no misery or it may continue to lenlarge and produce a great 
deal of misery. It is usually caused by a sudden change of diet, as 
turning sheep off of dry feed into leguminous pasture as clovf^ al- 
sike, alfalfa, vetches, etc. Such feeds are more likely to cause bloat 
when damp from dew or rain. They are more likely to cause it when the 
animal is not accustomed to such feeds and they gorge. 

SYMPTOMS 

The sheep becomes restless, may breathe with the mouth open, 
turns the head back or towards the flank. The rumen in the left flank 
usually becomes enlarged and some pain is manifested. 

TREATMENT 

Elevate the front feet higher than the back feet, knead the rumen with 
the fingers and rub the abdomen with the knee to try to start bowel ac- 
tion of the sheep. A bit in the mouth may induce belching. 1 to 2 
drams (1 to 2 teaspoonfuls) of chloral hydrate or 2 to 3 drams (2 to 3 
teaspoonfuls) of baking soda either, given in one pint of water are ex- 
cellent to stop gas formation. 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls of turpentine may be 
given in 1 pint of castor oil, raw linseed oil, or lard to stop gas forma- 
tion. (See article under stomach worms how to drench a sheep, page 
163.) If the swelling is not reduced and the animal does not improve 
with the above, puncture the rumen as advised in bloat in cattle on page 
86. The canula or hollow tube mav be left in 24 to 48 hours. 



PILES OF SHEEP 

(Prolapse of the Rectum) 

Piles of sheep are not infrequent where the sheep are fed too much 
of a coarse dry feed during the winter months. In piles, a portion of 
the rectum protrudes from the body. 

TREATMENT 

In previous years the treatment for piles has been largely surgical. 
Have an attendant hold the sheep and wash the protruding rectum with 
oak bark tea or alum water, gently and slowly push the rectum back into 



166 Constipation Colic, Sheep Scab 

the body with the fingers. Then take a firm stitch across the rectum with 
a twisted waxed cobbler's sewing thread' doubled several times. The 
stitch should be drawn sufficiently tight so that when the bowels operate, 
the opening cannot get larger than normal. If the stitch is held in place 
a few days, it is very infrequent that the disease reoccurs. Jt is wise 
to feed more laxative feeds to sheep that becoime effected with piles. 

CONSTIPATION COLIC 

This is usually caused by too mUch dry feed. They stretch them- 
selves and evidence pain. 

TREATMENT 

2 tablespoonfuls epsom salts or castor oil 
1 teaspoonful of ginger 

3 to 5 drops of oil of peppermint 

The above will usually bring about recovery. One half the aboVe 
is a dose for a lamb. See the article under worms for method of drench- 
ing sheep. 

DIARRHOEA 

Diarrhoea, can be checked by giving 1 teaspoonful to every 60 
pounds of live weight of equal parts of salicylic acid and tannic acid 
every 4 oj 5 hours. The acids should be preceeded several hours by 5 
or 6 tablespoonfuls of castor oil. See scoufrs of calves. 

SHEEP SCAB 

{Sheep Scab) (Mange) (Itch) 

In some sections, sheep scab has caused more loss to the sheep men 
than any other one disease. Certain sections have reported fifty per 
cent of the flocks effected. Yet there is probably no disease of live 
stock that responds as well to proper treatment as sheep scab. The di- 
sease is caused by a greyish mite somewhat resembling a spider in shape 
and about 1-50 of an inch long. The eggs hatch in 7 or 8 days after 
they are deposited by the females and the young are sufficiently mature 
to lay eggs in two weeks after they are born. As far as is known, no 



Sheep Scab 167 

other farm animals are effected with the mite causing sheep scab. How- 
ever, the mite causing scab of cattle is quite similar. Sheep scab is in- 
troduced into healthy herds by the introduction of scabby sheep or har- 
boring healthy sheep in stock cars, pens, or barns that have previously 
been occupied by scabby sheep. Just how long such inclosures or pas- 
tures will hold the infection seems to vary with the weather conditions. 
The mite seems to live longer without the sheep in summer. An in- 
fected barn would probably harbor the disease from April to Septem- 
ber. In cold weather 30 days would probably be the limit of life of the 
mite without the sheep. However the scab seems to thrive best on sheep 
before they are shorn. After shearing, the disease often is not noticea- 
ble till fall, and then may reappear. 

SYMPTOMS 

The first symptom that attracts the shepherd's attention is itching 
or rubbing of the sheep against fences, posts, buildings or any object 
the sheep may come in contact with. 

The back, flank, sides or tail are the first places attacked. The mite 
does not bother the head, bare legs, chest or abdomen. The rubbing is 
especially noticeable after the sheep become warm by driving and is 
more noticeable in the evenings. At this stage of the disease if the wool 
is parted, a reddish or yellowish nodule the size of a timothy seed may 
be found on the skin. These spots may be scattered over the regions ef- 
fected or the one spot may continually grow larger in area till a large 
per cent of the wool is lost. After the first symptoms appear, (itching 
and nodular spots) the wool of the area will bulge out further than the 
wool surrounding and it may become yellowish at first, no larger than 
a pin head. After the wool is lost the nodules of the skin or scabs may 
crack open and bleed. The sheep becomes emaciated and weak. Some- 
times wool is lost from sheep from an unknown cause. Com is supposed 
to cause loss of wool when excessively fed. Lice or ticks might cause 
itching, so an exact diagnosis can only be made by finding the mites. 
They are more numerous at the outer surface of the nodular swelling 
close to the skin. Pull some of this wool and a portion of a scab, 
place it on black paper and try to find the mites smaller than the diameter 
of a pin and 1-50 of an inch long. A hand reading glass will aid the eye 
in locating the mites. A warm room will induce them to crawl. The 
finding of these grey mites is not so easy as one would suppose but it 



168 Sheep Scab 

may be necessary to find them to establish sheep scab. 

TREATMENT 

Coal tar and creolin dips are not used by the government in the of- 
ficial dipping of sheep and cattle for scabies. However, some sheep 
men claim beneficial results f^-om the use of such dips. Either tobacco 
decoctions of lime and sulphur preparations are the preparations per- 
mitted for use in the official dipping of sheep by the government. At 
present such a list of manufacturers may be obtained from the Bureau 
of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. 

Such preparations are quite variable and should be officially recog- 
nized or made at home. 

LIME AND SULPHUR DIP 

Lime and sulphur dip is very efficient for the destruction of sheep 
scab if properly made and applied, and if used as directed below it will 
not injure the wool. 

I Weigh accurately 24 pounds of flowers of sulphur 

II Weigh accurately 8 pounds of unslacked lime 
HI Measure accurately 100 gallons of water. 

IV Place the lime in an iron kettle and cover with enough water to 
make a thick paste. 

V Sprinkle 24 pounds of flour of sulphur over the lime paste, 

VI , Add at least 25 to 35 gallons of water and boil till the sulphur 
disappears from the top which will be in about two hours. 

VII Add enough water tOi make 100 gallons of solution. If the 
sheep have not been recently sheared place all the lime-sulphur solu- 
tion in two barrels and allow it to settle and use only the clear solu- 
tion which can be drawn out with 5 or 6 feet of rubber tubing. 

The lime-sulphur sediment is injurious to the wool. Dip the sheep 
as directed under the coal tar dips, being very careful to saturate all 
parts of the wool. Repeat in 10 days or 2 weeks. 

TOBACCO AND SULPHUR DIP 

If properly made, tobacco and sulphur dip is effective for des- 
troying scab in sheep. 16 pounds of sulphur should be used to 100 
gallons of water and about 21 pounds of good tobacco leaves. 



Sheep Scab 



169 



If the tobacco is low in nicotine, it may fail to destroy the scab 
mites. If the tobacco is strong in nicotine, 21 pounds will be plenty. 
If too much is used the sheep will get sick hence it is wise to dip a few 
and wait 20 or 30 minutes to learn whether or not it is going to make 
them sick. Tobacco decoction is made as follows. Soak 21 pounds of 
good tobacco leaves in a sack in warm water for 24 hours in a covered 
kettle. Heat to boiling but do not boil, let cool for 2 hours, squeeze 
the juice out of the leaves in a lard or cider press, add enough soft 
water to make 100 gallons and stir in 16 pounds of sulphur, and dip as 
directed for coal tar dip. Tobacco-sulphur solution must be contin- 
ually stirred while dipping and a fresh lot should be made for each 
time the sheep are dipped. 

In dipping sheep, it is necessary that all parts of the body become 




(This cut shows an open fleeced sheep, which are usually light 

shearers and more subject to the disease than the compact 

fleeced sheep. This can be eliminated by proper selection 

of the breeding flock.) 



170 Grubs In the Head 



wet which requires some period in the tank and some manipulation of 
the head and neck. 



NASAL CATARRH OF THE SHEEP 

Nasal catarrh is not infrequent among sheep exposed to the rain and 
dampness during cold weather. While it is not particularly dangerous, 
it is disagreeable and will prove dangerous if the exciting causes are 
continued. 

With catarrh a discharge comes from the nostrils and the sheep be- 
come unthrifty. 

Open fleeced sheep are more likely to develop catarrh than those 
possessing compact fleece. 

TREATMENT 

Pine tar smeared on the nose is of some benefit. A tablespoonful 
may prove beneficial if given internally. It is advisable to sell the 
cases that have become chronic and make all effort to protect the sheep 
from damp snows and rains. 



GRUBS IN THE HEAD 

Grubs can be found in the head of most sheep after the summer 
months, but probably do not cause as much irritation as some people 
think. Grubs are the larvae of the gad fly. The gad fly lays her eggs 
in the nostrils and these nostril openings run to points even and between 
the eyes and the grub works his way into the head. 

TREATMENT 

Bore a number of l^/^ to 2 inch augur holes in a log, fill them nearly 
full of salt and smear the edges with pine tar and as the sheep eat the 
salt they will smear their noses with tar which will keep away the fly. 
This plan should begin about May 15 and be continued throughout the 
summer. Some smear the tar on the sheeps nose every two or three days 
to keep away the fly. 

I am of the opinion that grubs of the head do not cause as much an- 
noyance as some people think, since post-mortem examination of the heads 



Liver Rot 171 

of healthy sheep often show grubs. Brain disorders are often caused by 
forage poisoning. 



LIVER ROT 

{Liver Rot) (Distomatosis) 

This disease is more prevalent during wet years, or among sheep 
pastured on low or overflow lands. 

The liver fluke passes a portion of its life in a snail which is about 
1-50 of an inch long. These snails prefer low, wet ground rather than 
pools. The worm emerges from the snail to fasten itself to the grass, 
usually the lower portion of the grass and for that reason liver rot is 
more prevalent in pastures that are closely grazed. The worm probably 
gains entrance to the liver by burrowing with its pointed head. In the 
liver, it develops sexually. It then makes its way back to the intestines 
through the bile duct and passes out with the feces and again enters the 
snail where it multiplies. 

SYMPTOMS 

Sheep usually do not show the evil eff^ects of the worms until sev- 
eral weeks after the first worms have entered the liver. It more often 
eff"ects the lambs and yearlings. Liver fluke is more prevalent during 
the fall months but may be in a herd all winter, killing oflF few or many. 
Some of the stronger or older sheep may apparently recover, but the di- 
sease may reoccur. The liver of eff'ected animals always shows the ef- 
fect of the disease after slaughter or death. The sheep loose the appe- 
tite, the skin and membrane becomes pale and paper like, the sheep gets 
weak and the eyelids and sometimes the throat swells. The cases take a 
lingering course of from two months to a year. 

TREATMENT 

Pastures eff'ected with the snails producing the larvae must be avoided 
during wet seasons after May 1. Sprinkling of salt or lime on effected 
pastures seems to be beneficial. It is claimed by Thomas that salt licked 
by sheep will kill the worm while in the stomach. 



172 FowEL Cholera 



POULTRY DEPARTMENT 



FOWL CHOLERA 

Fowl cholera is caused by a specific germ, visible under the high 
powered microscope. It is passed from the diseased bird with the bowel 
passages, and from such infected pens or yards, healthy birds develop the 
disease, as the germs are picked up with the food. Most any fowl will 
take poultry cholera and hence pigeons or other birds might carry it from 
farm to farm by their droppings. However, it is probable most of the 
cholera is carried by human beings the same as hog cholera. People 
get curious to see how fowls act with cholera and go to see their neigh- 
bors sick birds and carry the infection home to their healthy birds on 
their shoes or utensils. Feeding tankage in liberal quantities or a poor 
grade will often cause bowel disorders. 

SYMPTOMS 

Like hog cholera a number may die off in a very few days or the di- 
sease may linger months killing a bird occasionally. The birds show 
the first symptoms in the bowel passages which become yellowish, soiling 
the plumage on the rear of the body. Then the appetite is lost; the crop 
may retain the food and be distended with gas. The bird develops a 
diarrhoea which in the last stages of the disease assumes a green color. 
There is intense thirst and less desire for food. The wings and head 
droop. After death, blood ruptures can be seen along the digestive tract 
which are often as large as a pin head. 

PREVENTION 

Stay away from cholera pens and yards. If it gets into your flock, 
shut the birds up as soon as they show yellow diarrhoea and use a pair 
of overshoes to enter the cholera pen with and remove them as you leave 
the pen. This is to prevent carrying infection to healthy fowls. Do not 
use pans or troughs of the cholera pen in a well pen. Keep straw in 
the cholera pen and shelter, and burn all straw in pen. If cholera 



Intestinal Worms of Chickens 173 

fowls are killed, kill them where they are immediately, and deeply bury 
or burn as the blood is very dangerous to healthy fowls. Scatter 
lime in the cholera pen and house, as well as around the eating place of 
the well birds. If possible have a separate attendant for the sick birds 
who does not go near the food or pens of the well birds. 

Copperas water using 10 pounds to 50 gallons of water is good to 
sprinkle in the yard of well birds to kill cholera germs. 

TREATMENT 

Treatment is usually unsatisfactory. The best plan is to sell off 
all well birds and buy eggs to hatch with the following season, keeping the 
houses and pens disinfected from time to time. However, 2 teaspoonfuls 
of potassium permagnate to 3 gallon of water may be made up and 1 ta- 
blespoonful given the sick birds every hour. Potassium permagnate 
often will hold the disease in check among the well birds if made up as 
follows. Place 2 drams (2 teaspoonfuls) of potassium permanganate 
in a 1/2 pint bottle of warm water, shake well several times, allow the 
crystals to settle to the bottom of the bottle and add 1 tablespoonful 
(Yo oz.) of the clear wine colored solution to each two gallons of the 
drinking water of the well birds. Enough should be added to make the 
drinking water wine color. 



INTESTINAL WORMS OF CHICKENS 

(Lameness) (Paralysis) or (Brain Disorders) 

The intestinal worms cause more loss to the poultry raiser than is 
commonly supposed. Some years ago as many as 20 per cent of the 
chickens of some flocks were lost after they became too large too fry. 
It would be hard to estimate the loss in dollars and cents through inef- 
ficient gains made on such fowls while being fed an abnormally large ra- 
tion. 

SYMPTOMS 

Wormy chickens have ravenous appetites for food, but growth is 
slow and the plumage is ruffled in appearance and the color is lost from 
the head. However, these facts are usually overlooked and the first no- 
ticeable symptom is lameness, arid ^e attendant may even search for a 



174 Intestinal Worms of Chickens 



thorn in the foot. Diarrhcea may or may not develop. Then the chick- 
en loses control of its muscles, falls over and tumbles around. Even- 
tually, it lays on its side, the muscles become rigid and it dies as though 
paralyzed all over the body. The chickens live from 3 to 7 days after 
the lameness appears. 

Many flocks are wormy that have no loses in them. These worms 
can be found by opening the intestines and is the best evidence of this 
disease. 

TREATMENT 

Following is a formulae for the eradication of worms from the in- 
testines. No more losses should be suffered 4 days after the first dose 
is fed. It is safe, easy to give, and efficient. 

(Epsom salts) magnesium sulphate, 5 ounces. 
(Magnesia) Magnesium oxide, 1 ounce. 
(Copperas) iron sulphate, 1 ounce. 
Flowers of sulphur, II/2 ounce. 
Ground ginger, 1 ounce. 

Make a dry mash of equal parts of corn, bran and shorts. Put 1 
rounding tablespoonful of the above formula in one gallon of the mash. 
Do not feed more mash than the birds will clean up in 20 minutes. Feed 
the mash every morning with the drugs in it for three days, then discon- 
tinue until needed again which may be in a few weeks or in a year. The 
yards should be covered with quick lime where they are small, the larger 
yards may be plowed under and put to green crop as wheat, rye or oats. 
Santonin 10 grains, powdered areca nut, 15 grains, given to 10 chickens 
in small pills with butter, followed in 6 hours by l/^ teaspoonful epsom 
salts in a mash is another good worm formulae. 

1^ to 1 teaspoonful of epsom salts dissolved in water may be given 
each bird followed by l^-o teaspoionful of turpentine. The amount to give 
depends on the size of the bird as well as the age and breed. The salts 
sfhould be given 12 to 15 hours before the turpentine. Turpentine is the 
best remedy for tape warms. 

Liquid medicines may be conveniently given birds by using a rubber 
tube such as is used to carry gas in the cities. These tubes are about 
Vi of an inch inside diameter. Insert the tube in the liquid which is in 
a bottle, place the fore finger over one end of the tube and withdraw the 
proper dose from the bottle by raising the rubber tube out of the bottle 



Crop Bound 175 



while the fore finger is over it. Run the vaselined tube with the liquid 
in it down the fowls throat, being sure to miss the wind pipe, take the 
fore finger oflf of the tube and the dose is in the crop. 



CROP BOUND 

(Impaction) 

The lack of the attendant to continually keep coarse sand or grit 
before poultry is the cause in many cases of not only crop impaction 
but many other digestive troubles. 

Clam shell is often sold for oyster shell and is not, in my opinion, 
as efficient for digestive purposes. 

Continued feeding of new oats or wheat invites impaction. Soaking 
of such feeds is often beneficial as a preventative. Lack of drinking 
water induces impaction. 

SYMPTOMS 

The birds effected lose their appetite, the crop is full and firm, 
the breath is sour and the bird is inactive. 

TREATMENT 

Give the effected birds one third to one half teaspoonful of castor or 
sweet oil ox lard oil to each pound of live weight, and gently manipulate 
the contents of the crop. After manipulating the crop for several min- 
utes hold tlie bird with the head downward and try to force same of the 
contents of the crop out through the mouth. If it is impossible to do 
this, leave the bird alone fo^r a few hours and possjibly digestion will 
start. If it fails to start, an operation is best. Closely clip all feathers 
over the crop and make an incision about one inch long into the crop, 
and with a loioped wire on: button hook remove the contents of the crop 
and wash it out with warm wator. After washing the crop sew it up, 
taking 4 or 5 stitches to the inch. Paint with Iodine and sew up the 
outer skin. Feed soaked bread, bran mashes, or some milk, after 5 
hours. 



176 Gapes 



GAPES 

{Syngamus Trachealis) 

Gapes may be found in any of the domesticated fowls. Gapes is 
caused by a reddish blood sucking worm visible to the naked eye. The 
female is about ^ an inch long while the male is less than 14 of an 
inch long. These little worms attach themselves to the walls of the 
wind pipe obstructing the breathing which causes the chickens to gape. 
Unless proper steps are taken, the whole flock may be lost. 

SYMPTOMS 

Breathing becomes difficult, the chicken opening its mouth and gasp- 
ing for breath, or even suffocation may result. It is more severe in 
smaller fowls because the wind pipe is smaller and easier obstructed. 
The gapeing is accompanied by a whistling sound. The appetite is good 
at first but diminishes as the labored breathing becomes intensified. 
As a result the little fowls become weak, droop the wings, set the head 
back in the feathers and lose the color of the head. Often gape worms 
form a mucous dischargs at the point where they attach to the walls of 
the wind pipe. Gape worms are usually found in pairs adhering to- 
gether, making them appear as double headed in the shape of a letter Y. 
The Y appearance is due to the excessive length of the female. 

PREVENTION 

To prevent spreading of the disease in a flock is most important in 
this disease. If chickens have grown properly, very few will die of 
gapes after they are eight weeks old. The egg of the gape worm is 
coughed out of the mouth and passed with the bowel passages of the ef- 
fected chicks. Hence when healthy baby chicks are feeding, these eggs 
are picked up and gapes develop. At the first appearance of the disease 
either kill of isolate the gapey chicks. If the effected flock i^ pyer six 



Gapes 177 

weeks old, do not move them but thoroughly clean the house, feed and 
watering troughs with dip water, 1 pint to 1 gallon of water. Clean the 
house, rake the yard and take all such rubbish away from the pens in a 
wagon. After thoroughly cleaning, spread a good heavy coat of lime on 
the roost, walls and floor of the house or coop. It is a good plan in a 
small lot to cover them with lime and plow the larger lots. It requires 
about two seasons to rid a chicken lot of gapes by plowing, disinfecting, 
and growing of green crops. If the chicks are less than six weeks old, 
build a temporary yard and coop on fresh runs, being very careful that 
no gapey chicks are taken to the fresh lots and being careful to take out 
any that may develop gapes on the new runs as soon as they appear. 
When 6 weeks old, they can be moved back to the main yards and any 
new born chicks can be placed in the gape free yard. Removal of gapey 
chicks, frequent cleaning of the yards, roosts and coops and the liberal 
application of lime are most important in controlling this disease. 



TREATMENT 

Gape worms can best be removed or killed by securing a small wing 
feather, of a chicken stripping it of the feather portion, except at the 
limber end. Dip the feathered end in pure turpentine or kerosene, in- 
sert it gently into the wind pipe of the chicken, turn the feather around 
once or twice while in the wind pipe of the chick and often the worms will 
be removed or killed as the feather is withdrawn from the wind pipe. 
Another method is to secure a stiff horse hair. It should be bent dou- 
ble and twisted, forming a small loop on one end. Insert the loop in 
the wind pipe, hook it over the worms and withdraw them. In treating 
chicks the operation must be gentle to prevent irritation of the wind 
pipe. 60 grains of salicylic acid or 11/^ ounces of salicylate of soda 
placed in 1 gallon of drinking water often gives good results in the re- 
moval of trachea worms. Less may be used as a preventative where new 
cases continue to develop in spite of the removal of chicks to a new lo- 
cation. A saturated solution of potassium permanganate may be made 
by adding 2 drams (2 teaspoonfuls) of the drug to l/^ pint of water in a 
bottle. Then add 1 tablespoonful of the clear solution to each 2 gallons 
of drinking water. However, if the permanganate is used, there should 
be no other drug used in the water at the same time. 



178 Roup 



ROUP 



(Croup) (Contagious Catarrh) (Diphtheria) 



When the mucous membrane of the throat, mouth and nostrils be- 
come inflamed with a fixed membrane that can not be removed, the chick- 
ens are said to have diphtheria. Portions of the membrane can be re- 
moved as in many cases of roup the chickens are said to have contagious 
catarrh. Roup, catarrh and diphtheria are probably all caused by the 
same disease germs. These highly contagious diseases effect chickens, 
turkeys, pigeons and guineas. Birds may obtain this disease in a show 
room or it may be brought into a flock by the introduction of new birds 
that have had the disease. A bird may carry this disease to a healthy 
flock after they have apparently recovered. 

CAUSES 

From my experience it is true that conditions that would produce 
a cold in a person invites roup to a flock of chickens and people are in- 
clined to believe that all air is laden with germs of roup. 

I am inclined to believe that a chicken that recovers from roup may 
be capable of spreading the disease for a year or more. A dark, damp, 
close, unventilated. hen house where many chickens are tightly shut up 
together is favorable to the development of roup. In such places, the 
chickens are not only forced to breathe foul air, but if there is a sick 
chicken in the bunch the disease is sure to spread. Plastering of chicken 
houses is a mistake. Wheat straw placed above the chickens instead of 



Roup 



179 




(Note swelling of the head and legs. This picture was taken Aug. 4, 
1919. The hen had roup the winter before and the swellings would 
get worse in damp weather. All chickens carrying roup from 
year to year probably do not show such marked symp- 
toms.) 



plastering during the winter months will absorb moisture and serve to 
retain the heat. Roosting apartments should have ventilation in all or 
one fourth of the south side depending on the location. Any hen house 
south of Central Missouri may be built with the whole south side of 
burlap. This burlap or (gunny sack) is placed there to prevent draughts 
and furnish fresh air. Flocks that ,have roup year after year usually 
have the outbreak soon after the fresh air is shut off during the nights 
in the winter. 



SYMPTOMS 

The first symptoms are watery secretions from one or both eyes 
and the nasal passages. This secretion becomes yellowish, thicker and 
stickey as the case advances. The fever is high and inflammation of the 
throat, nasal passages and eyes develops. Swellings appear on the head 



180 Roup 

and may force the eyes out of their sockets. The bird shakes the head 
in an effort to remove accumulated pus from the nasal passages. The 
appetite is not lost but may be checked by blindness or inflamed mem- 
brane of the mouth or throat. The birds are depressed and may become 
unconscious. Associated with the above symptoms a wheezing noise can 
be heard with the breathing. 

PREVENTION 

Sell all chickens that recover from roup as they may carry the di- 
sease one year or longer. Isolate all show or purchased birds for at least 
ten days to determine whether or not they are going to develop roup. 
Chickens that wheeze or water at the eyes or nasal cavities should be 
kept in separate roosts and lots away from healthy chickens. Furnish 
ventilation by the use of burlap over the opening in the buildings where 
healthy chickens roost. Scald the drinking vessels out with boiling 
water daily. Keep the hen houses clean, using lime and coal tar dips 
freely after cleaning. Supply plenty of fresh straw. Do not go from 
the sick coops to houses or pens of well birds without washing the hands 
and liming the shoes. 

HOW TO TREAT THE DRINKING WATER 

To treat the drinking water aids the sick birds to recovery and aids 
materially in checking the disease among the well birds. 

Treat all drinking water as follows. Place 2 drams (2 teaspoon- 
fuls) of potassium permanganate in a 1/2 pint bottle of warm water. 
Shake well several times but always allow the undissolved crystals to set- 
tle before using. Use 1 tablespoonful of the clear saturated solution 
to each 3 gallons of drinking water. The heads of effected fowls may 
be bathed or dipped in the saturated solution out of the bottle. 

TREATMENT 

Soon as they wheeze, become droopy or water at the eyes, give the 
chicken one teaspoonful of coal oil. Place one tablespoonful of clear 
saturated solution of potassium permanganate water in each 2 gallons 
of drinking water, bathe or dip the heads in pure saturated potassium 
permanganate solution twice daily as soon as they show symptoms of 
eye watering or wheeling. Following is a treatment fof roupy fowls. 



Diarrhoea 181 

Sweet oil, 1 tablespoonful (i/^ ounce.) 

Coal oil, 3 tablespoonfuls (11^ ounces.) 

Carbolic acid, 4 or 5 drops. 

Camphor, 4 or 5 drops. 

Well corked hydrogen peroxide, 1 teaspoonful, (1 dram.) 
If hydrogen peroxide is not kept well corked it looses its strength. 
Place the above formulae in a sewing machine oil can and twice daily 
apply a portion to the nostrils and the roof of the mouth. The yellowish 
membrane that forms over the eyes can be removed when the case ad" 
vances far enough. In the mouth it may be removed with a tooth pick. 
The removal of these yellowish membranes is beneficial. 

Pussy swellings should be lanced, the contents removed and the 
wound covered daily with a good healing powder or iodoform. 



DIARRHOEA 

This disease is often mistaken for fungus poisoning or white diar- 
rhea. Diarrhoea in chicks is usually caused by improper care. Chicks 
should receive no feed the first 24 hours they are hatched. The first 
feed should be pulverized charcoal and sand, equal parts. The drink- 
ing water should be clean and the chicks should have shade. Hard 
boiled eggs, wheat, bran and raw oat meal are good feeds for the first 
few days. A small amount of pepper is beneficial, but an overdose will 
cause diarrhoea. Irregular feeding, too frequent or over feeding will 
cause diarrhoea. Damp, close, unventilated quarters invites diarrhoea. 
Mites and lice often cause diarrhoea. Getting chicks too hot before or 
after hatching will cause diarrhoea. 

TREATMENT 

First remove any cause for the trouble, clean and disinfect the 
coops with lime and ashes, equal parts, sweeping all surplus out. Sharply 
reduce the feed for a few hours and give them sour milk, h^rd boiled eggs, 
oat meal, and wheat bran as their chief ration, gradually increasing the 
feed, and not fotgetting to keep charcoal and sand before them constantly. 
Usually the above is all that is necessary to do, however, in the more ob- 



182 White Diarrhoea 

stinate cases 4 to 5 drops of castor oil may be given each chick followed 
in 5 to 6 hours by placing 1 drop of laudanum to every 3 or 4 chicks in 
what drinking water they will clean up 3 or 4 times daily. Douglass 
mixture is excellent for bowel trouble in chicks. It i^ made 

as follows; add 2 tablespoonfuils (1 ounce) of sulphuric acid to 1 gallon 
of water and dissolve i/o pint of iron sulphate (copperas) in the mixture 
To each (juarl of the chickens' drinking water add i/o tea^poonful of the 
mixture. 

HOW TO DISTINGUISH IT FROM WHITE DIARRHOEA 

Ordinrry dinvrlioea can not be distinguished from white diarrhoea 
except by bacteriological examination. Such a diagnosis is gladly made 
by most experiment station or agricultural college bacteriologists. One 
or more effected birds should be properly crated and shipped with trans- 
portation charges prepaid. Such a diagnosis will aid in future treat- 
ments. 



WHITE DIARRHOEA 

White dirrrhoea is the most dreaded of all baby chick diseases. 
However, people often confuse ordinary diarrhoea and white diarrhoea 
and thereby lose a whole flock of chicks. Ordinary diarrhoea can of- 
ten be checked in a fhorl time. It is possible that some concerns take 
advantage of this fact and give treatments which stops the disease, sup- 
posed to have been white diarrhoea. White diarrhoea is a germ disease 
which lives from year to year in the ovaries of chicks that recover and 
is thrown out in about 25 per cent of the eggs laid by effected hens. A 
hen so effected seldom gives the disease to other healthy hens of a flock. 
However, chicks hatched from infected eggs usually develop the disease 
in from 2 days to six weeks after they are hatched. Such effected chicks 
should have a hole punched in the web of the foot if they recover and 
not be kept for breeding purposes. Avoid breeding females or eggs from 
effected flocks. These three precautions are absolutely necessary to get 
rid of the disease. In other words after a female chick recovers, they 
carry the germs in their ovaries during their life and transmit the di- 
sease through the egg to the baby chick. An effected baby chick throws 



White Diarrhoea 183 



the germs off in the body passages and infects the feeding ground and 
water of healthy chicks. This disease seems to be more frequent in in- 
cubator chicks than those hatched under hens. 



SYMPTOMS 

This disease attacks chicks from 2 days to six weeks old. It sel- 
dom effects birds over two months old. The effected chicks may die be' 
fore definite symptoms develop or they may huddle together, become 
droopy or even sleep, the wings droop, they become short backed and a 
sticky white discharge develops which terminates in recovery in 30 or 40 
per cent of the cases and death in the balance. However, such symp- 
toms do not distinguish it from ordinary diarrhoea, or fungi poisoning. 

It can be distinguished from fungi poisoning by reading of that di- 
sease, but it is necessary to distinguish it from ordinary diarrhoea to ship 
one or more effected birds transportation charges prepaid to the agricul- 
tural college or experiment station bacteriologist and have a diagnosis 
made. Such a diagnosis is usually gladly made free, since they are 
in the service of the people. 

TREATMENT 

Remove any cause that might be inducive to ordinary diarrhoea. 
Feed chiefly sour milk which is the best treatment to check white diarr- 
hoea. Scrub the incubatoft- between hatchefe with 1 tablespoonful of 
carbolic acid to 1 quart of water. Less chicks may die if the hens are 
used for hatching. Isolate all sick chicks as soon as seen as they spread 
the disease. Clean the coops often and spray with a dip solution of 1 
pint to 1 gallon of water and follow with lime in the coop and around 
the yard frequented by the chicks, especially where they are fed. Renew 
the drinking water often and if possible, keep the chicks feet out of it. 
Sell off all chicks that recover, punch a whole in the web of the foot to 
distinguish them. Avoid buying eggs or- female stock from effected 
flocks. 

Be sure you have white diarrhoea and not ordinary diarrhoea before 
establishing the fact you have a sure cure. As far as I have been able 
to learn, there is no beneficial drug treatment for white diarrhoea. Sour 
milk often checks it. 



184 Brooder Pneumonia 

BROODER PNEUMONIA 

Fungus Poisoning Due to Moldy Straw and Feed, (Lungers,) 
(Brooder Pneumonia,) or (Asper Gillosis.) 

Fungus poisoning is a disease effecting baby chicks and mature 
birds. It is most frequent in lots that are damp and where artificial 
heat is used because steady heat is favorable to fungi development. 
This mold exists everywhere in nature and multiplies when proper condi' 
tions such as heat, moisture, etc., present themselves. It is frequent on 
musty chaff and straw as well as moldy feed, (because button like eleva- 
tions or inflammation does not develop, do not conclude the trouble is 
not in the feed. Moldy feed will cause other digestive and poisonous 
disorders). Lungers may kill few or many chicks and due to its symp- 
toms, may be mistaken for white diarrhoea. 

The effected birds become feverish, droopy, sleepy, sniffle, some- 
times breathing is difficult and has associated with it a wheezing noise. 
Brain disorders or paralysis sometimes develop. A diarrhoea, at first 
whitish in color, but later changing to a yellowish color, often develops 
before death. It can be seen by comparison, that these symptoms are not 
easily to separate from ordinary or white diarrhoea. Fortunately, this 
is properly a disease effecting the mucous membrane of the mouth, 
throat, lungs and intestines and can be easily distinguished from ordi- 
nary or white diarrhoea by the nodular elevations of the mouth, throat, 
intestines and lungs. These elevations in advanced cases give off a 
whitish or yellowish discharge. In the body cavity, the chicks will often 
have growths of mold. Neither the nodular elevations or mold growths 
are present in ordinary or white diarrhoea. 

TREATMENT 

Preventing the use of musty chaff and straw either in the nests or 
brooder houses is better than any known treatment, after the chicks get 
brooder pneumonia. Do not feed moldy feeds. After chicks become 
effected, some relief may be given by painting the inflamed mucous mem- 
brane of the mouth or throat with flowers of sulphur or tincture of iodine, 



Feather Eating, Egg Bound 185 



being careful not to use the last in a way that the chicks will swallow it. 
Fairly good results have been obtained by mixing 2 tablespoonfuls of 
pine tar in 1 quart of warm water, shake or stir well, and let it set for 4 
or 5 hours. Then pour the water on red hot bricks in the coop making 
tar vapors. The number of bricks necessary will depend on the size of 
the coop. One is sufficient for a small coop while several are necessary 
for larger coops. Treat all the drinking water with potassium perman- 
ganate water as outlined under roup. 

FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE LIVER 

Liver troubles are more often caused by having birds too fat in an 
effort to^ increase egg production or weight. It more frequently happens 
birds confined to small enclosures. The combs become a deep red and 
later become dark. They develop a diarrhoea. The plumage is rough 
and the birds become droopy. 

TREATMENT 

Give the birds more exercise and range, change the food from fat- 
teners to non fatteners as bran, alfalfa, skimmed sour milk, etc. Give 
effected birds l/^ of a teaspoonful of castor oil for each pound of live 
weight and place 14 of a teaspoonful of tincture of nux vomica in each 
pint of drinking water. 

FEATHER EATING 

Feather eating is usually caused by feeding a iration too low in min- 
eral matter. A change to bran, oil meal, milk, etc., will often prevent 
more birds from forming the habit. To give the birds more range is 
often beneficial. A teaspoonful of aloes, mixed with % of a teacup full 
of lard and the ointment rubbed on the feathers that are being picked 
will often form a disagreeable taste and stop feather plucking. 

EGG BOUND 

This is sometimes caused by rupture of the internal organs causing the 
passage to be blocked. Sometimes it is caused by the birds being too 
fat. 



186 Lice on Chicks and Aged Fowls 

SYMPTOMS 

The bird at first makes repeated efforts to lay and fina^ily stands 
around with symptoms of distress. The egg can be feh in the body cav- 
ity just below the vent. 

TREATMENT 

Sometimes these eggs can be removed by gently manipulating the 
parts with the hand. To hold the effected parts in hot water for a half 
hour before manipulation will often aid in delivery but sometimes it is 
necessary to break the shell and remove a portion at a time. . 



EGG EATING 

Egg eating may be an accidental habit due to a bird breaking an egg 
or it may be due to lack of grit or oyster shell. The lack of such pro- 
ducts not only produces a soft shelled egg but it makes a tempting food. 
Lack of water invites egg eating. 

TREATMENT 

Supply grit and oyster shell or bone meal or lime, feed a protein 
product as beef scraps, oil meal, bran, tankage or sour milk. Some re- 
port good success by the use of china nest eggs and scattering a few 
around for the hens to pick at. Some empty a shell of its contents and fill 
the shell with red pepper, aloes, mustard or something to give the egg a 
bad taste. My experience leads me to believe the habit can be materially 
checkd by oyster shell feeding, grit feeding' and plenty of water. Dark 
nests aid in breaking the habit. 



LICE ON CHICKS AND AGED FOWLS 

Lice more often develop by not destroying the lice when the houses 
are cleaned. They can be destroyed in the buildings by cleaning the drop- 
pings and nests and spraying all parts with common kerosene. Soon 
after hatching lice are found on the top of the head and in the down be- 
low the vent of the young chickens. When lousy hens are used to set on 



Scaly Leg — Mites 187 

die eggs or mother the chicks, they should be dusted before the chicks are 
hatched and louse free quarters provided. Dipping will often keep 
hens from setting. At any rate chicks should always be treated for lice 
before they are forty-eight hours old, if hatched under hens. If hatched 
in the incubator treat about the tenth day. To do this, take 2 table- 
spoonfuls of lard for each 75 chicks and add to it sufficient red precipate 
to rnake the lard a pale flesh color. The amount of red precipate needed 
will be in volume about equal to a pea. For young chicks rub a little on 
the top of the head. After chicks are several days old apply some below 
the vent and to the down) portion of the wings. The red precipate oint- 
ment is a DEADLY POISON but in many years of use, by ordinary care, I 
have had no bad results by its use, and it is very good for lice on chicks. 
Subsequent treatments are seldom necessary after ten days old. Older 
birds, if not setting may be dipped in sheep dip, 1/4 of a pint to 1 gallon 
of water. An excellent dusting powder that is effective and cheap for 
lice on grown fowls is made as follows. 

1 part carbolic acid, 
3 parts gasoline. 

Sufficient plaster paris to make a sifting powder, hold ithe birds by 
the legs and dust into the feathers. Use the powder while fresh. 

Sodium Floride has met with popular success among many poultry 
growers. Old birds should be dusted with it before setting and chicks a 
few days after they are hatched. A dip may be made of it, using 1 ounce 
to 1 gallon of water. 



SCALY LEG-MITES 

{Scaly Leg,) (Mange) ^ 

Mites frequently invade the roosts and nests causing irritation to 
poultry. The application of crude petroleum or creosote such as is 
used for posts or several applications of kerosene will rid poultry prem- 
ises of the mites. Another mite causes scaley leg and may effect the 
combs and wattles. Pure coal loil, applied several times after washing 
the effected parts with soap and water will cure such cases. Equal parts 
of raw linseed oil and coal oil makes a good formulae. Where large 
numbers are to be treated, dip the feet in the solution and let them drip 



188 Enlargement of the; Liver 

over a tub or pan to prevent waste. Sulphur ointment made of 1 part 
of flowers of sulphur and 4 parts of lard or vaseline is good for most skin 
diseases. 



ENLARGEMENT OF THE LIVER 

(Conge^don) 

CAUSE 

This is quite a common disease of chickens. In my opinion a ra- 
tion composed largely of corn for many months is a more common cause 
of this trouble than all the other reasons combined. Mouldy feeds and 
tankage have been blamed for congestion of the liver. The former more 
frequently causes poisoning while the tankage may be fed in too large 
quantities. Tankage should not make more than 1 per cent of the ration 
of chickens. 

SYMPTOMS 

The chickens die very suddenly with this disease, the bowel passages 
are normal except where it is associated with so called poultry cholera. 
In that case the bowel passages are whitish or bright yellow. The liver 
is enlarged and very easily torn. Blood is usually found inside the 
body cavity. 

TREATMENT 

Reduce and change the ration of the entire flock to less fattening 
feeds as bran and middlings as a mash and feed oats or wheat in straw 
litter and make them exercise by scratching foir it. 

The course of this disease is so rapid that treatment is rarely suc- 
cessful. However, I believe 2 teaspoonsful of castor oil given by the 
mouth is as good a treatment as one can give. This should be repeated 
daily in 1 teaspoonful doses for a few days. 

Some prefer from I/2 to 1 teaspoonful of epsom Salts. 



Poisons and Their Antidotes 189 



POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES 

When poisons are introduced into a man's system, often the life can 
be saved by giving him an emetic or a drug or drugs that will cause vom- 
iting. A common example of such a mixture is one tablespoonful each 
of salt or mustard given in a cup of hot water or coffee. Twice as 
much may be given to a pig or dog. However, the pig and dog usually 
vomit of their own accord and the cow and horse can seldom vomit, 
hence we have to resort to other methods when they are poisoned. 

In different forms of poison, different results may be desired. With 
some poisons, another drug can be introduced into the stomach and by 
chemical change, a new product can be formed that is harmless or less 
soluble. Sometimes a drug is introduced to prevent the animal from ab- 
sorbing all of the poison. Sometimes we try to rush the poison through 
the system as fast as possible before it is absorbed. As a general rule, 
oils are the best to expel poisons for they are non-irritating. A quick 
acting physic as 15 or 20 drops of croton oil may be used in the horse 
and 20 to 30 drops per 1000 pounds live weight for cattle. Fresh lard 
whites of eggs, milk or butter may be given to protect the mucous mem- 
brane from irritant poisons. 

As a general rule, if an acid is taken, it can be neutralized by an 
alkali, as chalk, water of ammonia, baking soda or soap. If the poison 
is an alkali as lye, sugar of lead, blue vitrol, vinegar or lemon juice 
may be given. For poisons of plant or vegetable origin, give a full 
dose of tannic acid, which for the horse would be two drams and cattle 
three or four drams. If tannic acid is not available, the inner bark of 
the smaller limbs of white oak may be given. Give the horse four to six 
drams and the cow II/2 ounces. 

If the poison is of mineral origin give whites of eggs. Below is 
given the standard antidotes for some of the chief poisons. 

Arsenic — Dissolve 4 ounces of copperas in I/2 pint of water. Place 
1 ounce (2 tablespoonfuls) of magnesia in l/^ pint of water and mix the 
two. This is a dose for a qqw and one and a half doses for a horse. 
Give milk and oil. 



190 Poisons and Their Antidotes 



Atropine and Belladonna — Give 2 drams (2 level teaspoonfuls) tan- 
nic acid to horses and 4 teaspoonfuls to cattle, keep them moving to 
keep up circulation and rub the limbs well. 

Spanish Fly — Give starches, flour gruels and whites of eggs, but give 
no oils. 

Carbolic Acid — Give oils, epsom of salts and whites of eggs. 

Nitric, Hydro-chloric, Sulphuric and other Acids — Whites of eggs, 
chalk, baking soda, lime or soap. 

Croton Oil — Give 2 drams tannic acid to a horse and 4 drams to 
cattle, raw or castor oil, and stimulants as coffee, etc. 

Digitalis — Tannic acid, coffee and keep the beast quiet. 

Ergot — Give 2 drams tannic acid to the horse, twice daily and 
oil once daily. 

Lead Acetate, (Sugar of Lead) — Give whites of eggs and oils. 

Ammonia and Lye — Give vinegar or lemon juice, give slippery elm 
tea made from the inner bark. 

Aconite — Give 2 drams (2 level teaspoonfuls) of tannic acid to the 
horse, 4 to cattle. In addition give 3 teaspoonfuls of camphor as a 
stimulant. 

Acorns — Give oils and laxative feeds. 

Chloroform and Ether — Give ammonia, keep cold cloths to the 
head and neck and keep them moving. 

Antimony — Give 2 drams tannic acid to the horse, 4 drams to the cow. 

Mercury- — Give 3 or 4 ounces of sulphur to the horse and 5 ounces to 
the cow. Follow by whites of eggs and milk in large quantities. If an 
after effect is left, give 1 dram of potassium iodine twice daily. 

Turpentine — Give slippery elm bark or tannic acid as antidotes. 

Laudanum, Morphine — Give 2 drams (6 level teaspoonfuls) tan- 
nic acid and coffee to the horse and 10 level teaspoonfuls to cattle, and 
keep the beast moving. 

Phosphorous — Give 1 and lA ounces of turpentine to the horse and 
two ounces to the cow. Avoid oils and milk. 

Quinine — Give tannic acid or oak bark tea. 

Snake Bite — Cut out the wound and tie a ligature around the limb 
between the wound and the heart. Apply an antiseptic to the wound. 
See snake bites in the index. 



Poisons and Their Antidotes 191 



Nux Vomica, Strychnine — Give large doses of chloral hydrate as 
11/2 to 2 ounces for the horse or cow in ll/o quarts of water as a drench. 
If they do not improve, give more until they are under its influence and 
keep them under it till the effects of poisoning are over. Some may be 
injected in the rectum. Tannic acid may be given if chloral hydrate 
can not be obtained. 

Common salt — Give lots of water and oil. Stimulate the heart ac- 
tion by giving camphor. 

Kerosene — Give stimulants as ammonia, coffee and camphor. 

Blue Vitriol — Give 5 or 6 tablespoonfuls of sulphur to the horse, 
followed by flour gruels and whites of eggs. 

Cockls Burr, Ensilage and Forage Poisoning — Physic the animal 
and stimulate the nerves by the use of nux vomica if necessary. 



192 Veterinary Supplies and Instruments 



Instruments • 

Following is a list of concerns handling veterinary supplies. 

Snodgrass Drug Co. 
1118 Grand Ave., 

Kansas City, Mo. 

Various Mail Order Houses 

Charles M. Hick & Co. 
177 N. State St. 
Chicago, 111. 

Sharp & Smith, 

Chicago, 111. 

Z. D. Gillman, 
Washington, D. C. 

Biological Products Such as Biack Leg Vaccine, Anti Hog 

Cholera Serum and Bacterins 

> 
Cutter Laboratory, 
180 N. Dearborn St. 
Chicago, 111. 
Berkeley, California. 

Various Mail Order Houses 

Zell Straub Laboratories, 
1611 Masonic Temple, 
Chicago, 111. 

Frank S. Betz Co., 

Hammond, Ind. 

Abbot Laboratories, 

Chicago, 111. 

Charles M. Hick & Co., 

177 N. State St., 

Chicago, 111. 



Chakacters and Abbreviations 193 



We sometimes wish to reduce a symiol as used by dactors and drug- 
gists to common terms. 

Below are symbols and their meanings as written often. 

Gr. 1 — grains 1. 

9 1 — scruple 1. 

o 1 — drams 1. 

§ 1 — ounces 1. 

M. or Minum 1 — drops 1. 

F 5 1 — fluid drams 1. 

1 — pints 1. 

C or Cong — gallons 1. 

Mil. is the abbreviation for Millilitre or cubic centimieter. 

C. C. stands for cubic centimeter, 
4 C, C. equals about 1 teaspoonful. 

Sig. stands for directions or times to be taken. 

R. X. — take though. 
A. A. — same as above. 

Q. S. means sufficient, as sufficient water for dough. 
F. E. means fluid extract. 
T means 1 as drams T. 
S. S. means one half. 

An example of the use of above formulae's is given in the follow- 
ing prescription. 

White Lotion 
Lead Acetate § T equal (1 ounce) 
Zinc Sulphate o VL equal (6 drams.) 
Sig. — apply 2 times daily. 



LIQUID MEASURE 

1 minim equals 1 drop. 

1 fluid drachm equals 60 minims' or drops. 

1 fluid ounce equals 8 fluid drachms or 480 drops. 

1 pint equals 20 fluid ounces or 9600 drops. 

1 c cm. (cubic centimeter) or millitire equals 1 gram of water. 

8 pints, 1 gallon 



194 Disinfectants 



5 c. cm. (cubic centimeter) is a little less than 1 teaspoonful. 
10 c. cm. or (cubic centimeter) equal 10 grammes. 
One pint is approximately 480 cubic centimeters. 

DRY MEASURE 

Medicines should be weighed if possible. A small scale docs not cost 
much. 

20 grains, 1 scruple 

3 scruples, 1 dram or approximately 1 teaspoonful, 60 grains 

8 drams, 1 ounce or approximately 2 tablespoonfuls or 8 teaspoon- 
fuls 

1 pound, 12 to 16 ounces. 



DISINFECTANTS 

A 1 per cent soluton is 3 tablespoonfuls to 1 gallon, or 11^ tea- 
spoonfuls to the pint. 

A 2 per cent solution is 6 tablespoonfuls to 1 gallon, or 3 teaspoon- 
fuls to the pint. 

A 3 per cent solution is 91/4 tablespoonfuls to 1 gallon, or 41^ tea- 
spoonfuls to the pint. 

A 4 per cent solution is 13 tablespoonfuls to 1 gallon or 6 teaspoon- 
fuls to the pint. 

A 5 per cent solution is 15 tablespoonfuls to 1 gallon, or 6 teaspoon- 
spoonfuls to the pint. 

Disinfect?nts are used to kill or retard disease germs. Carbolic acid 
and dips are more often used around the farm. A 3 per cent solution 
of potassium permanganate is as effective as a 5 per cent of either the 
ca-rbolic acid or sheep dip as a disinfectant. The effectiveness of car- 
bolic acid is greatly increased by adding an equal amount of hydro- 
chloric acid. The crystals of potassium permanganate placed in earthen 
jars and sulphuric acid poured on it m-^kes the best known disinfectant 
for a building that can be closed 4 or 5 hours. Anything shut in the 
building that has animal life will die. It will penetrate clothes in a 
fight trunk or bedding. 



Lists of Formulaes 195 



A CONVENIENT AND VALUABLE LIST OF FORMULAES 

In some cases several doses should be pu|rchased. 
Fluid extract of capsicum, 1 dram 
Nux vomica, 1 dram 
Chloroform, 2 drams 
Cannabas Indica, 2 drams 
The above is a dose for colic in horses. 

Chloral Hydrate — 1/2 ounce is the dose for the horse and cow. It 
will relieve pains and produces drowsiness or even sleep. It is an m- 
testinal antiseptic and the best drug known to stop gas formation. 

Raw Linseed Oil, 2 quarts is a preferred laxative for horses. It 
does not cause griping or irritation. 

Castor Oil is a preferred laxative for the smaller animals and poul- 
try. 

Epsom Salts, 2 pounds, is the preferred drug where we desire to 
physic cattle. Salts should be kept in an air tight container or they 
loose tlieir strength. 

Tannic Acid, li/o to 2 drams (8 teaspoonfuls) is the dose for the horse. 
It is used ill severe poisoning, that is of vegetable origin. Such poison may 
be by plants direct or of plant origin. 

Tincture of Iodine, 2 ounces, this is the best antiseptic known for 
freshly made wounds as nail puncture, or barb wire cuts. 

Creolin, Carbolic Acid, Lysol or Coal Tar Dips are good antisep- 
tics for wounds of some days standing. 
Oil of sassafras, 2 ounces 
Oil of turpentine, 4 ounces 
Raw linseed oil, 4 ounces 
Croton oil, l/o ounce 
The above is a valuable stock linement for lumpy jaw and other 
swellings. It will cure about 30 per cent of fistula cases if applied when 
it first appears. 

The writing of formulaes by the use of chemical or Latin names 
for common articles and drugs is gaining popularity among writers and 
promoters of stock powders. Below, I list a few such articles to enable 
the farmer so betteJr know what he pays his money for. 
Acacia, (Gum Tragacanth) 
Acetanilide, (Anti Febrin) 
Acetic Acid, (Dilute) (Vinegar) ' 



196 Definitions 



Acid Boricum, (Boric Acid) 

Adepis, (Hog Lard) 

Aether, (Ether) 

Amylum, (Starch) 

Aqua, (Water) 

Aqua Regina, (Muratic Acid) 

Argenti Nitras, (Lunar Caustic) 

Bi-Borate of Soda, (Borax) 

Bi-Carbonate of Soda, (The chief ingredient of baking soda.) 

Calcium Carbonate, (Chalk) 

Calcii Carbonas, (Chalk) 

Calcium Oxide, (Lime) 

Calx, (Lime) 

Camphorae, (Camphor) 

Cantharides, (Spanish Fly) 

Capsicum, (Red Pepper) 

Caustic Ammonia, (Hart's Horn) 

Cera Alba, (White Wax) 

Cera Flava, (Yellow Wax) 

Carboni Ligni, (Wood Charcoal) 

Chloral Hydras, (Chloral Hydrate) 

Codeinae, (Morphine) 

Copper Sulphate, (Blue Stone) (Blue Vitriol) 

Cretae Prasparatae, (Prepared Chalk) 

Cupri Sulphas, (Blue Vitriol,) (Blue Stone) 

Farina Lini, (Linseed Meal) 

Ferri Sulphas, (Copperas) 

Ferric Sulphate, (Copperas) 

Ferrum, (Iron) 

Glycerini, (Glycerin) 

Glycol Trichlorethylidene, (Chloral Hydrate) 

Hydro-chloric Acid, (Muratic Acid) 

Hydrogen Oxide, (Water) 

Lapis Infernalis, (Lunar Caustic) 

Magnesium Sulphate, (Epsom Salts) 

Mellis, (Honey) 

Mercus Chloride, (Calomel) 

Muratic Acid, (Hydro-chloric Acid) 

Nucis Vomicae, (Nux Vomica) 



Definitions 197 



Oleum Crotonis, (Croton Oil) 

Oleum lini, (Linseed Oil) 

Oleum Menthal Piperitae, (Oil of Peppermint) 

Oleum Racini, (Castor Oil) 

Petrolati, (Petroleum) 

Physostigminae, (Calabar Bean) 

Plumbi, (Lead) 

Plumbi Acetate, (Sugar of Lead) 

Potassi Chloras, (Chlorate Potash) 

Potassi Tartrate, (Cream of Tartar) 

Rhei Radix, (Rliubarb) 

Saponis, (Soap) 

Silver Nitrate, (Run in sticks is Lunar Caustic.) 

Sinapis, (Mustard) 

Sodii Bi-borate, (Borax) 

Sodii Pyro-borate, (Borax) 

Sodii Salicylate, (Salicylic Acid) 

Sodii Sulphas, (Glauber's Salts) 

Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, (Sweet Spirits of Niitre) 

Theraci, (Molasses) 

Tinc't. Opii, (Laudanum) 

Trichlorethylidene Glycol, (Chloral Hydrate) 

Zingerberis, (Ginger) 



CD 
O 
O 



o i Is § 

13 



CO 



o o o i; 



(M 1—1 CO 



icCJ 



2.B a 



tn CO .5 

2 '=* 

fo 2'-^'-' £ 2 

0^3 O O 'O 'C 



tf, en 

5 « E 



E <^^ ^^ vo 6 

C3 _ 03 

fcn O O O ^ 

r-H i-H LC CO C^ 






r-" 'TS 2 



^ .2 '3 



, o 

o ^ 

tin c 



^ E 



O -^ 
Q 



o cr- 



<u H 



t^? 



CO a S 



P w 

-I 

O 
CQ 

W 
H 

> 
O _ 



O 

t-H 

§ H 



Oi CD 

S g 



-3 

u 

ID 

CO ,S 

c a o & 

O JH -13 o >H 

® o o - J ^ 
fC«5 LO ""^ ^ ^ 

I ^ 

C P S-" tn b^ 



C 05 CR -T! rH 

3 ?^ a S 



c8 ca 

« 2 2 o 
^2 -eg. 



C/3 

« n. « 
"22 
a -a ^ 
o 

L« iS< CO 

o o o 2 
•w *- "" -a 

xTI O v?l 



> 

o 



o 

H 

W 
> 

h— t 



O C 



1^;^ 



2 c 



M^ f 



w 

H 

w 

en 
Q 
Q 

W 
O 

< 



u 
w 

QJ 
O 

c/i 
I § 

c«-a o 

" (M ^ 1— I 
§ o-S ^ 



S fl SEE 

g H fi CO c8 

- o 2 2 o o 



(N w^ e^ 



=3 w E c 

^i III 

<M' -a c ^ fo CO 
a CO 

Orf g o O 

o 2 " T, 

I— I C^l 1— < i-H i-H '— ' 



t> oj cn S 

c c S E „ 
§ „ § 2 2 S 

=> ,51 ^ ^ 
*" o 2 S 2 o 

.— I CM — ' i-l f-* -^ 



o 

I— I 

o 

en 
<! 
O 

o 

H 
on 

O 
H 

en 
W 



Q 
W 
en 



O. en 

^ 5 
en o ""^ to 

E E^^ E 

2 2 o ^ 2' 

o 

1— I CS I— I T* CC 



en en 

" 5 

C en ™ en 
° C C 

o 2 o 5 

1— I 1— I i-H Tji fO 



O en 

§1 

N^ O 

i-r- 



^2-^20 

I— I rH I— I < C^l 



W 
Z 

S 

w 



-2 -c 



5^ 






Lid '"^ 



en 


-0 






V 




"« 


en 


-H 


CD 


C 


b 


S 




J 
S 





CI. 


CO 


rn 


wciO 







n;j CO 






I-'-' CD CO 

u C ^ 
^ CO .S .5 CO 



s •- O S CS ? 

£ j:i-o ^ -a "^ 
^ ooBBSB 



K 



( e^fO^rt^ 



^ o 



:s. 



to 

n 2 
£^ 

I— I 1^ 

o 2 

LO I— I 





CL, 
W 

w 


IS 

grains 
drops, 
drops 




CO 

s 

-3 




CO 

S 
2 


CO 

P. 
p 

-S 




w 


tS CO 




tn 

P. 

O. 

-a 


CO 

B 

2 




rams 

grains 
drams 
dram 




K 


c " o-a 


1 — 1 






lO 


^ 


u 


■^J^ 




lO 


-c 




-a i^es 




CA3 


cS o t^ f 


e^ 


2 


^ 


1—1 


o 


z 








fO 




r4 1—1 
CO O 






^Zo2 


r> 


o 


O 


c 


o 




< 


2 2 




o 


o 




o 2:^2 






i-i lO LO e^ rH 






I— 1 


o 
I— 1 


O 
I— 1 


ss 




o 


<N 


cn 


^ ^ ,-H >, 


c/i 


























S 


■ 


O 
























Pi 




1— » 










w 








u 










O 


CO 










CT! 








>c3 










^ 


> 


U 


















^ 












ca 



C/2 
















<; 










w 




&3 




tn 

c i s 

O o F^ 


CO 

B 
ca 


CO 

1) 

o 
C 
3 
O 


H 

< 
O 

W 

C/2 


to 

o 
c 

3 

o 


CO 

s 

2 

-a 

s 

1-H 


CO 

B 

2 
-a 

;^ 

l-H 


CJ 

1— 1 

O 
H 




U 

o 

H 


CO 

S 

2 
-a 


CO 

lU 

o 

s 

3 

o 

CO 


> 

o 

w 
o 



tn 'S, B 

u ca 

3 _ 

coC^ 
, 






o 


O 


p:i 

H- 1 


o 


o 


O 
1— i 




o o 


o 

r-H 


o 

CM 




^ - 


H 
2 
















Z 
< 




z 






o 




HH 










o 




















CO 

a 




CD 

o 


S tn CO 

g s s 

3 cd CO 

g iH Sh 

*^ o o ^ 


CO 

E 


CO 

o 
o 

1— 1 


1/2 

o 

Q 


E 
2 

00 


6 S 


H 
> 


c» 

B 
2 




ca 


2 

o 


en 


§-2|i 

CO ^ \o 




■—I rH^t-t^ CO 


O 
•<* 


o 
?— 1 




o 


r-H i-H 




2^ 

r-l r-i 




-a 


o 

iH 




^^, ^ S 2 ® 



CJ c 



-a ca 

■3-0 



^ F- c ^ o .a CO 

^ -J .-H -^ j;, ,_j —H 

3 3 ca :- ca _Q 
E-i O'CJCJi/3 U 



§c3 



61) k! *^ 
C 3 o 

O^ 2 

i u3 

B C 3 



'5> 



OS 3 



•s 2 

c«H 



B o. 

> ^ 
X £ 

^C/5 













"5 








? 




•B-o 









V 




V 








.tH 




ID V 




D 




Vh 




13 en 




E 




3 




1:3 












a 

& 

s 


ca 


5 


ea 



ca 
C 






c 


aj 


c 


* * 


E-H 


ca 


ca 


;-. 


c 




• 


E- 


CAJ 


<' 


L3 


^.— ' 



en 
O 
O 
53 



^ 



;^ 



2 2 


dram 
drams 
drams 


drops 

drops 

ounce 

dram 

diam 




i^csi \o 


<N^^;^;^ 









< 
W 



Oh 

w 






O 



^;:?! 






t— ( 
Q 
O 

<; 

CO H 

^ ^; 



CO >-i crj 
u 
w 

to Q 



E 2 S 



■^ S 



?J E 



C^ ( 



-' «J " 



::?? to 



w 

H 

^ o « § 
►— ' ■" o 

en 

o 

►—' ^ CM to 



> 

w 
w 

CJ 

Q 
w 

O 

H 

w 
o 

I— H 

CQ 
W 



to to Hj fl ^ 



to 



to 



a-o 
o p a 

-a ^ 



o o 



E S 

CO C 
o '-' oj 












.£) 



O 



ns 




S 


rops 
rops 
nces 
ams 
2 dr 


O 

^ 

^ 


be 


''-Sg-S o 


ci 


o 


tH CO CC ^ >-< 




C 


^^. — ■ 


O 


> 




^ 


'Sb 





M E 


u 


w) w 




5^ 


1— 1 




Q 




W 


*J *- 


"«-) 


" 'G 


f^ 


c •-• 




.s a 




Hi/) 



CS 


(U o 


_CJ 


s-» 'x3 






"3 


•ti Qj 


c 


z s 


*~^ 


H 




l*-! 


to 


O . 




^ M 


13 


eo 


tts 


_^H 


c 






.i^ u 



CO C C3 






ft. S g 
^S-E 

to 3 O 



C en 

OS J" <U 

* * "5 ^ •-; 
^v— w c/2 O* 



Explanations 20' 



60 grains, 1 dram, 1 teaspoonful. 
8 drams, 1 ounce, 2 tablespoonfuls. 
12 to 16 ounces, 1 pound. 

Sometimes when a simple formulae as white lotion is used in barb 
wire cuts or any other formulae which the veterinarian wants to disguise 
and keep its composition secret they add a coloring pigment which makes 
it a foreign color as red or blue. The veterinarian is usually as curious 
to know what the farmer uses to cure and where he got it as the farmer 
is curious to know what the veterinarian uses. 



202 Temperature of Farm Animals 



NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF FARM ANIMALS 

Horses - - - - 100.5 Fahrenheit 

Cattle .... 101.9 Fahrenheit 

Hogs .... 103.3 Fahrenheit 

Sheep .... 104. Fahrenheit 

The temperature is taken by placing the ihermonneter in the rectum of 
the animals and leaving it for a few seconds. 

The surrounding tempeprature, excitement, age and disease will cause 
a variation from normal. 



Horse Index 203 



INDEX TO HORSE DEPARTMENT 



Abnormal Presentation at Birth ... - 37 

Abscesses Shoulder .----- 74 

Age How Determined ...-.- 25 

Anthrax -..-.--- 42 

Anti-Toxins ....... 6 

Antidotes for Poisons ..... 189 

Articular Rheumatism .... 40 

Bacteria - - - - - - - - 5 

Bacterin ...... 6 

Bacteriology ....... 5 

Barb Wire Cuts 77 

Becks Ointment - - - - - - - 82 

Big Head 65 

Bites of Snakes - - - - - - - 60 

Bladder Calculi ....... 28 

Bladder, Inflamation of ----- 31 

Bladder, Paralysis of ------ 61 

Bleeding, How Stopped - - - - 61 

Blemishes ------- 68 

Blindness - - - - - - - 64 

Blisters 9, 68 

Bloat - - 13 

Bloody Flux 36 

Bloody Flux of Foals - - - - - - 36 

Blood Spavin - - - - - - -73 

Bloody Urine 31 

Blow Fly -------- 78 

Bog Spavin ....... 74 

Bone, Honey Combining of ----- 65 

Bone Side ....... 59 

Bone Spavin ....... 74 



204 Horse Index 



Bots 24 

Bowels, Inflamation of ----- 19 

Brain Disorders ...... 57 

Broken Wind - - - - - - - 56 

Bruises of the Frog - - - - - - 71 

Bruises ........ 72 

Bruises of the Shoulder ..... 74 

Bums ........ 79 

Calculi Face ....... 28 

Calculi Stone ....... 28 

Calculi Urinary - - - - - - - 28 

Calk Wounds ....... 73 

Capped Elbows - ..... 72 

Capped Hocks ....... 72 

Capped Knee - - - - ' - - - 72 

Carbuncles - ----- 42 

Care of the Teeth 24 

Care of the Young Foal ..... 32 

Cutaneous Quittor ...... 79 

Cattarh, Nasal - 50 

Chaffed Shoulders ...... 76 

Chaffing of Harness ...... 74 

Charbon - - - - - - - - 42 

Choke, High and Low ------ 21 

Chronic Nasal Catarrh ----- 51 

Cold in the Head ------ 50 

Colic, General Causes of ----- 10 

Colic Compaction - - - - - - 11 

Colic X^ramp - - - - - - - 15 

Colic Wind - 14 

Colt Joint, 111 of - - • - - - - 33 

Compaction Colic ...... 11 

Congestion of Lungs ...... 54 

Costipation --..... 71 

Constipation of Foals - - - - - - 35 

Convenient Instruments - - - - . 17 

Com Wormy Poisoning ..... 55 

Costiveness of Colts ------ 35 



Horse Index 


205 


Cramp Colic • - 

Cutaneous Quittor .... 


15 
79* 


Cuts, Wire ..... 


77 


Cystis ...... 

Dentation of the Horse .... 


31 
- 25 


Diabetes ...... 


- 27 


Diarrhoea of Foals .... 


36 


Difficult Foaling .... 


37 


Difficult Urination .... 


28 


Diseases, Location of - - - - 


- 67 


Disinfectants ..... 


- 194 


Distemper ..... 
Diuresis ...... 


38 

- 27 


Douche ...... 


- 12 


Drenching the Horse .... 


10 


Dropsy of the Limbs and Chest 


29 


Dysentery of Foals .... 
Elbow, Capped ..... 
Encephalitis Mengo .... 
Engorgment Colic .... 


36 

- 72 

56 

10 


Esophagus, Rupture of - - - - 
Examination of the Eye .... 


- 22 

- 62 


Excessive Urination 


27 


Eye, Examination of - - - 


- 62 


Eye, Haw of - - - - - 


62 


Eye Inflamation of - - - - 


63 


Eye, Watering of - - - - 


64 


Facial Stone ..... 


28 


Farcy and Glanders .... 


44 


Feces, Impaction of in Rectum 


11 


Feeds, Special ..... 
Fever, Lung ..... 


- 20 
52 


Fever, Shipping ..... 


- 38 


Fibrous Tissue, Removal of - - - 


75, 77, 78, 81 


Firing ...... 

Fistula ...... 


73 
79 


Flatulant Colic - - - . . 


14 


Flesh, Proud . . . . - 


79 



206 Horse Index 



Flies, Maggots of 78 

Flies, Protection of Wounds ..... 78 

Flour Gruel 20 

Fl^x, Bloody ....... 36 

Foaling, Difficult ------ 37 

Foaling, Natural ------ 32 

Foals Compaction of Bowels ----- 35 

Foals Navel Discharge of Urine - - - - 34 

Foal's Navel 111 .----.- 33 

Foods, Special ....... 20 

Foot Puncture by Nail - - - - - - 70 

Foot Thrush 83 

Forage Poisoning ....-- 56 

Fowler's Solution ...... 56 

c 

Founder ........ 22 

Frog, Bruises of and Shedding - - - - 71 

Galls, Harness ....... 76 

Gastro Tymphany ...... 14 

Generation of Foals ------ 32 

General Principles of Veterinary Medicine - - 8 

Glanders ........ 44 

Gleet, Nasal 50 

Glottis. Swelling of ------ 51 

Gravel of the Bladder ------ 28 

Grease ........ 82 

Gruel Flour ....... 21 

Harness Galls ....... 76 

Haw of the Eye 62 

Head, Big ....... 65 

Heat Exhaustion ...... 59 

Heaves ........ 56 

Hemorrhage ....... 61 

Hemorrhagic Septicemia (See Cattle) - - - 114 

Hocked, Capped ...... 72 

Hydrophobia ....... 49 

111, Navel 33 

Impaction ........ 11 

Indigestion ........ 11 



Horse Index 207 



Inflamation of the Bladder . . - . . 31 

Inflamation of the Bowels ----- 19 

Inflamation of the Brain ..... 56 

Inflamation of the Eye ..... 62 

Inflamation of the Joints ..... 40 

Inflamation of the Lids ..... 63 

Inflamation of the Kidneys ..... 29 

Inflamation of the Muscles ..... 40 

Instruments, Convenient - - - - - 17 

Instrument Supply Houses ..... 192 

Intestinal Worms ...... 22 

Joint 111 - 33 

Joints, Rheumatism of ----- 40 

Joints, Swelling of ----- - 33, 40 

Kidney, Disorders of ------ 27 

Kidneys, Inflamation of ----- 29 

Knee, Capped ....... 72 

Labor Pains ....... 83 

Lameness ....... 22, 71 

Laminitis - - - - - - - - 45 

Larchymal Opening, Obstruction of - - - - 65 

Laryngitis ------- 51 

Lead Poisoning ....... 190 

Lice ........ 84 

Linseed Tea ....... 20 

Lock Jaw - - - - - - - - 46 

Lungs, Congeston of - - - - - - 54 

Lungs Pneumonia - - - - - - 52 

Madness ("Rabies") 49 

Maggots, How Killed 78 

Maize Poisoning ------ 56 

Medicines, How" Used 8, 12 

Medicines, Doses of ----- - 199 

Membrane Nicitan ------ 62 

Meningo Encephalitis ------ 56 

Meningitis (corn stalk poisoning) - - - - 56 

Milk Gruel 20 

Moon Blindness - • • - - - - 64 



208 Horse Index 



Muscles, Inflamation of - . - - - - ^0 

Muscles, Wasting of - - - - - - 70 

Nail Punctures ....--- 70 

Nasal Catarrh ..-..-- 50 

Nasal Gleet 56 

Natural Foaling ---.-- 32 

Naval Discharge of Urine in Foals - - - - 34 

Naval 111 33 

Nephritis - - - - - - - -.29 

Nerves, Spinal Injuries of - - - - - 57 

Normal Temperature ...-.- 202 

Obstruction Colic - - - - - - 11 

Open Joints - - - - - - - 33 

Opthalmia - - - - - - - 64 

Osteomalacia ....... 65 

Over Heat 59 

Paralysis ........ 55 

Paresites, Intestinal ...... 22 

Paresites of the Skin ...... 84 

Partuation, Natural ... 32 

Persistent Urachus - - - - - - 34 

Pharynx Rupture of Wall ..... 22 

Piles - 83 

Pneumonia ....... 52 

Poisoning Antidotes ...... 189 

Poiponins:, Forage ....-- 56 

Poll, Evil 79 

Polyuria - - - - - - - - 27 

Pi^eface ........ 3 

Pregnancy ....... 32 

Principles of Veterinary Medicine - - - - 8 

Prolapse of the Rectum - - - - - - 83 

]"*roud Flesh ....... 79 

Ouittor - - - - - - - - 79 

Scratches - - - - - - - - 82 

Shoulder Abscesses - - - - - - 74 

Shoulder, Galded ....-- 76 

Shedding of Frog ..---- 71 



Horse Index 209 



Jjhipping Fever - - - - - - 38 

Sit-Fast - 77 

Side Bones - - - - - - - 67, 69 

Snake Bites 60 

Soreness of the Feet ... - - - 71 

Sore Necks ....-.- 77 

Sore Shoulders - - - - ■ - - 76 

Sore Throat - - - - - - - 51 

Spasmodic Colic ...... 15 

Spavin Blood ....... 73 

Spavin Bone - ...... 74 

Special Feeds .-.--.- 20 

Spinal Meningitis - - - - - - 56 

Splints 68 

Sprains ...-----72 

Stone ........ 28 

Strangles - - - - - - - .38 

Suffocation ...---- 40 

Sulphur Ointment ...... 188 

Sun Stroke - - - - - - - - 59 

Suppressed Urination - - - - - - 28 

Sweat Glands ....... 59 

Swelling of Glottis ...... 51 

Swelling of Joints 40, 72 

Sweeny - . . - . - . - 70 

Tea, Linseed ....... 20 

Teeth, Examination of . - . . . - 24 

Teeth, How to Determine Age .... 25-26 

Temperature, How Taken Normal .... 202 

Tetanus - - . - . '- - .46 

Thorough-Pin . - . . . . .74 

Thrush 83 

Tymphany Gastro Colic . . . . . .14 

Urachus, Persistent ...... 34 

Urinary Calculi - - . - - - .28 

Urination, Excessive ...... 27 

Urination Suppressed - - - - - .28 

Urine, Bloody - , - - - ■ -j - 31 



210 Horse Index 



Urine Navel discharge of in Foals - - - - 34 

Urine, Natural - - - - - - - 27 

Unsoundness - - - - - - - 68 

Vomiting ....... 189 

Warts (see calves) ...... 103 

Wasting of Muscles ------ 70 

Water on the Joints ...... 33 

Watering of the Eyes - - - - - - 65 

White Lotion 78 

Wind Broken - 56 

Wind Colic 14 

Wire Ci;ts 77 

Wool Sorter's Disease - - - - - - 42 

Worm Colic ...--. - 23 

Wormy Com Poisoning .... - 56 

Worms, Intestinal ...--- 22 



Cattle Index 211 



INDEX TO CATTLE DEPARTMENT 



Aborton Contagious . . - - 


92 


Acid Poisoning .... 


189 


Aconite Poisoning ' ', ' ' 


190 


Actinomycosis . . . . . 


- 109 


Afterbirth, Retention of - - - 


97 


Alkali Poisoning - - - - 


- . 189 


Anthrax (see horses) 


- 42 


Antidotes for Poisoning 


189 


Bacteria ...... 


-....5 


Bacterian ..... 


. 6 


Bacteriology . . . . - 


5 


Barb Wire Cuts (see horses) 


77 


Big Head (see horses) 


65 


Bites of Snakes (see horses) 


- 60 


Black Leg 


117 


Bleeding, How Stopped (see horses) 


61 


Blisters ....-- 


9, 68, 100, 110 


Bioating - .... 


86 


Blow Fly (see horses) 


133 


Blue Lice - - - - - 


133 


Blue Milk - - . - 


128 


Brain Disorders (Cerebro Spinal Meningitis) 


89 


Breeding-non Cows .... 


92 


Bruises . . . - . 


129 


Buffalo Disease . . - . - 


114 


Calculi, Stone (see horses) 


28 


Calf Scours .... 


99 


Calf Slinking .... 


92 


Calves, New Bom Scouring 


99 


Carbolic Acid Poisoning 


-190 


Carbuncles of the Skin . . . , 


, ^ - 42 



212 Cattle Index 



Cerebro Spinal Meningitis " " " " " ^^^ 

Charbon - - - - - - - 42 

Choke - - - - - - - 21 

Coal Oil^ Poisoning ... - - 190 

Colic (see horses) - - ... 85, 124 

Constipation - - - - - - 91 

Constipation of Calves - . . - . 102 

Consumption - - - - - - 119 

Contagious Abortion ..... 92 

Contagious Foot and Mouth, Disease - - - 103 

Contagious Scouring of Calves - - - - 98 

Cud, Loss of - 90 

Cuts, Barbed Wire (see horses) ... 77 

Deer Disease - - - - - - 114 

Dehorning ...... 130 

Diarrhoea - - - - . . 88 

Diarrhoea of Calves ----- 99 

Difficult Calving ...... 96 

Disinfectants - - - - - - - 194 

Distension of the Rumen ..... 86 

Douches - - - - - - - - 97 

Dry Murrain ....... 86 

Dysentry of Calves ...... 88 

Enteritis, Gastro - - - - - - 86 

Ergotism - - - - - - - 107 

Esophagus Rupture of the walls (see horses) - - 22 

Eye Infectious Opth,almia ..... 127 

False Foot and Mouth Disease .... 107 

Feeds, Special - - - - - - - 20 

Fever, Milk - ' 124 

Fever Paituation (milk) .... - 124 

Fever, Texas - - - - - - - HI 

Fly Blow 133 

Fly Spanish Poisoning - - - - - 190 

Foot, Soreness of - - - - - - . 103 

Foot anclj^ Mouth Disease, Contagious - - - 103 

Foot and Mouth Disease, Non-Contagious - - 107 

Founder (see horses) ' - - -^ - , - 22 



Cattle Index 213 



Forage Poisoning -..--- 89 

Fungi Poisoning ...... 89 

Garget 129 

Gas in the Abdomen ...... 86 

Gastro Intestinal Catarrh ..... 86 

Gravel (see horses) ...... 28 

Gullet Rupture of the Walls 22 

Health, Public Relation of Tuberculosis to - - 122 

Heat Exhaustion - - - - - , - 59 

Hemorrhage Treatment - - - - - 61 

Hemorrhagic Septicemia ..... 114 

Hoven (bloating) - - - - - - 86 

Hydrophobia (see horses) - - - - - 49 

Indigestion ....... 90 

Indigestion of Calves ..... -99 

Impaction of Stomach - - - - - - 85 

Infectious Mastitis ...... 129 

Inflamation of the Udder - - - - - 129 

Inflamation of tli^e Joints and Muscles - - - 131 

Itch - - ... - . . - 127 

Labor Pains ....... 96 

Lead Poisoning ...... 190 

Lice ......-- 133 

Lock Jaw (see horses) ..... 46 

Loss of Cud ....... 90 

Lumpy Jaw ....--. 109 

Maggots, How Killed - - - - - 133 

Mastitis, Infectious - - . - - . 129 

Mange ...... . - 127 

Medicines, Administration of - - - ■ 10 

Medicines, Doses of - - - - - 203 

Milk, Blue - 128 

Milk Fever 124 

Milk, Stringy (ropy) 128 

Mineral Poisoning ...... 190 

Murran, Dry ------- 86 

Non Infectious Foot and Mouth Disease - - - 107 

Non-Breeders ....... 92 



214 Cattle Index 



Opthalmia, Infectious - - ... 127 

Overlooking of the Punch ----- 85 

Pains, Labor .... .... 96 

Paralysis of the Hind Quarters - - - - 95 

Partuation Fever ...... 124 

Partuation, Difficult ...... 96 

Paunch, Distension of - - - - - 86 

Phamyx Rupture of Walls (see horses) - - - 21 

Phosphorus Poisoning ...... 190 

Piles 126 

Pink Eye 127 

Piroplasmosis - - - - - - - 111 

Plant Poisoning ...... 89 

Plant Poisoning Antidotes - . . . . 189 

Pneumonia (see horses) ..... 52, 114 

Poisoning, Antidotes for ..... 189 

Prolapse of Rectum ...... 126 

Proud Flesh (see horses) ..... 79 

Quarter III 117 

Rabies (see horses) - - - - - -. . . . 49 

Red Water Ill 

Retention af the Afterbirth, ..... 97 

Rheumatism ....... 131 

Ring Worm of Calves ..... 102 

Rumen, Distension of - - - - - - 86 

Salt Poisoning ...... 189 

Scab of Calves ...... 102 

Scabies - - - - - - - 127 

Scours of Cattle ... . . . . 88 

Scouring Contagious, White Calves - - - 98 

Scours Ordinary, of Calves .... 99 

Scours of Cattle ...... 88 

Slinking of Calves ...... 93 

Snake Bites (see horses) ..... 60 

Sore Foot ....... 103 

Sprains ........ 129 

Staggers ....... 89 

Sterile Cows ....... 92 



Cattle Index 215 



Stomach, Impaction of - - - ' - - 85 

Stone ...-.--- 28 

Stringy Milk - 128 

Temperature, Normal .... - 202 

Temperature, How Taken ..... 202 

Tetanus (see horses) - - - - - ; 46 

Texas Fever ...... * 111 

Throat, Rupture of the Walls (see horses) -- - 22 

Tongue, Wooden ...--- 109 

Tuberculosis - - - - - - - 119 

Tuberculosis and the Public .... 123 

Udder, Inflamation of - - - - - 129 

Urachus, Persistent (see foals) . . - 34 

Urinary Calculi (see horses) .... 28 

Urine, Bloody (see horses) - - - - - 31 

Urine, Suppressed (see horses) ... 28 

Urine, Excessive (see horses) ^ ... 27 

Vomiting ....... 189 

Warts 103 

Water, Red Ill 

Wooden Tongue - - - - - - 109 

Wool Sorters' Disease ..... .42 

Wormy Com Poisoning (see horses) - - - .56 



216 Hoc Index 



INDEX TO HOG DEPARTMENT 



Abortion of Sows 


. 


* - 151 


Aid in Farrowing 


. 


152 


Anti-Hog-Cholera Serum 


■ 


141 


Carriers of Hog Cholera 


• 


139 


Castration, Proper 


- 


154 


Castration of Ruptured Pigs 


. 


156 


Cholera .... 


- 


- 135 


Cockle Burr Poisoning 


. 


143 


Combination Method of Immuning 


. 


- 142 


Cough .... 


■ 


137, 148 


Decay of Bone and Tissue 


- 


160 


DifficiiH Farrowing 


. 


152 


Disinfectants 


■ 


- - 194 


Ecraseur .... 


. 


- 155 


Emascul^ator 


. 


155 


Farrowing, Difficult 


. 


- 152 


Fever, Swine 


. 


- 135 


Hemorrhagic Septicemia 


> 


135 


Hog Cholera 


. 


135 


Hoo; Cholera, Carriers of 


. 


139 


Hog; Cholera, Diagnosing 


. 


- • 136 


Hog Lice - - 


. 


- 159 


Indigestion 


■ 


- - '144 


Itch 


- 


158 


Intestinal Worms 


- 


144 


Lameness .... 


. 


149 


Lice - - 


. 


159 


Lock Jaw - . . . 


. 


158 


Loss of Use of Hind Quarters 


- 


149 



Hog Index 217 

Lung Worms - . - - - - - - 148 

Kerosene Emulsion ....-- 159 

Kidney Worm - - - - - - - 149 

Mange - - - - - - - - 158 

Medicine, Doses of - - - - - - 203 

Mixed Infection ...... 135 

Necrotic Stomatitis ...... 160 

Paralysis ....... 150 

Piles 151 

Pig Scours ....... 153 

Pnemonia - - - - - - - 135 

Poisoning, Cockle Burr . - - - - 143 

Precautions of Hog Cholera - - - - 139 

Prevention of Hog Cholera ..... 139 

Prevention of Worms ..... 144 

Protrusion of the Rectum ..... 151 

Quinsy - - - - - - - - 148 

Rectum, Prolapse of - - - - - - 151 

Rheumatism ....... 149 

Round Worms - - - - . . . 144 

Ruptured Pigs, Castration of - - - - 156 

Scab - . - - - - - - - 158 

Scours in Pigs - - - - - - - 153 

Serums ........ 141 

Simultaneous Method of Immuning - - - 142 

Slinking of the Pigs ...... 151 

Snake Bites (see horses) - - - - - 60 

So Called Hog Cholera Preventatives - - - 141, 147 

Sow Abortion ...... 151 

Stock Powders and Tonics ..... 147 

Stomatitis, Necrotic ...... 160 

Sun Scald 158 

Swine Plague - - - - - - - 135 

Swine Fever ....... 135 

Tetanus - - - - - - . . 158 

Thron Headed Worms - - - ... 144 

Thumps 153 

Toncis ........ 147 



218 Hog Index 

Tusks, How Removed ------ 157 

Treatment for Worms .----. 145 

Worms, Lung ..-.-.- 144 

Worms, Prevention of ----- - 144 

Worms, Treatment for ------ 145 

Worm, Kidney - - - - - - - 149 



Sheep Iwdex 219 



INDEX TO SHEEP DEPARTMENT 



Administration of Medimcines .... 163 

Bloat 164 

Brain Disorders ....... 164 

Catarrh 170 

Colic . - - - - - . ... 166 

Constipation ....... 166 

Corn Fodder Poisoning ..... 164 

Diarrhoea ....... 166 

Distention by Gas ..... 164 

Distomatosis ....... 171 

Drenching of Sheep ...... 163 

Ensilage Poisoning ...... 164 

Forage Poisoning -, - . . . . 164 

Fluke Liver ....... 164 

Gas in the Rumen ...... 164 

Grub in the Head ...... 170 

Head Grubs 170 

Hoven ........ 164 

Itch 166 

Lime and Sulphur Dip ..... 168 

Liver Fl;ike 171 

Liver Rot ....... 171 

Maggots, How Killed (see cattle) - - - - 133 

Mange ....... 166 

Medicines, Doses of ----- - 203 

Nasal Catarrh ....... 170 

Piles . 165 

Poisoning, Forage ...... 164 

Poisoning, Antidotes for ..... 189 



220 Sheep Index 



Prolapse of Rectum - - - - - - 165 

Rectum, Prolapse of ----- - 165 

Scab 166 

Staggers ....... 164 

Stomach Worms ...... 162 

Sulphur Dips ....... 168 

Tobacco and Sulphur Dip ..... 168 

Tape Worms ....--- 162 

Worms in Sheep ....--- 162 



Poultry Index 221 



INDEX TO POULTRY DEPARTMENT 



Aspergillosis - - - - - - 1B4 

Bacteria of Eggs ...... 182 

Bound, Crop ....... 175 

Brain Disorders ...... 173 

Brooder Pneumonia ...... 184 

Catarrh - - - ' - - - - . - 178 

Cholera ........ 172 

Contagious Catarrh ...... 178 

Crop, Impaction of ----- - 175 

Croup ........ 178 

Diarrhoea. Ordinarv of Chicks .... 181 

Diarrhoea W hite, of Chicks 182 

Diptheria 178 

Disinfectants ....... 194 

Douglass Mixture ...... 182 

Eggs. Bacteria in - - - - - . 182 

Egg Bound ....... 185 

11^^ Eating ....... 186 

External Paresites ...... 186 

Fatty Degeneration of the Liver .... 185 

Feather Eating ...... 185 

Flies. Maggots 133 

Fowl Cholera - - - . - - - 172 

Fungus Poisoning ...... 184 

Gapes --....., 176 

Impaction ....... 175 

Internal Paresites - - . - - . 173 

Intestinal Paresites - - - - . . 173 

Lameness - - . . . . . 173 

Lice 187 



222 Poultry Index 



Lungers ....---- 184 

Mange - - ^^^ 

Maggots ....--. 133 

Mites 187 

Paralysis ....... 173 

Paresites, Intestinal ...... 173 

Paresites, External - - - - - - 187 

Pneumonia, Brooder ...... 184 

Poisons and their Antidotes ..... 189 

Roup 178 

Syngamus Trachealis - - - - - - 176 

Scaly Leg 187 

Sulphur Ointment ...... 188 

Trachea Worms - -- ■ - - 176 

White Diarrhoea - - - - - - 182 

Worms - - - - - . - -. . 173 



